CO_2和O_3浓度升高及其复合作用对华山松生长及光合日变化的影响

以生长在沈阳市区内的5年生华山松幼树为实验材料,采用开顶箱法,研究高浓度CO2和高浓度O3下华山松生长变化、光合速率的日变化动态以及日光合总量季节变化,进而了解大气CO2浓度升高、O3浓度升高及其复合作用对华山松光合作用及生长的影响.结果表明,①高浓度O3处理后,华山松20～90 d针叶鲜重、干重增长量以及90 d针叶叶长较对照分别降低45.8%、38.9%和15.3%.主侧枝生长与对照相比无显著差异.高浓度O3降低了华山松日光合总量,处理30 d后,针叶净光合速率均显著低于对照,光合速率日变化曲线表现为双峰型,光合"午休"程度强于对照.②高浓度CO2处理后,华山松针叶鲜重、干重20～90 d增长量分别高于对照41.7%和22.2%,而针叶叶长以及主侧枝长未受显著影响.华山松日光合总量高于对照处理,处理30 d、60 d时,净光合速率普遍高于对照.CO2处理90 d时,日变化曲线由双峰变为单峰曲线,极大缓解了光合"午休"现象.③高浓度O3和CO2复合处理后,针叶干重、鲜重增量均低于对照,表明了复合处理后O3伤害的发生,但针叶干重高于O3单因子处理,这表明高浓度CO2可以一定程度上缓解高浓度O3对华山松针叶生长的抑制作用.针叶叶长,主侧枝生长未见明显效应.复合处理后,针叶净光合速率普遍低于对照,华山松日光合总量低于对照而高于O3单独处理,说明高浓度CO2可以通过减缓O3对植物光合的抑制而减少O3伤害.光合速率日变化曲线表现为双峰型.     

Estimating health damage cost from secondary sulfate particles--a case study of Hunan Province, China

IntroductionChina’senergyusepattern ,characterizedbyadominatingrelianceoncoal,hasledtosevereSO2pollutionandresultinghealthdamage .Withconsumptionsoffossilfuelsstilltogrow ,totalhealthdamageisanticipatedtoincrease ,whichwillbeagreatchallengetoChina.Thischallengerequirescomprehensivehealthimpactassessmenttoguideenvironmentalpolicyandreorientpublicopinioninfavorofeffectivepreventiveaction .Generally,the“ImpactPathwayApproach”(Krewit,1 999;Thanh ,2 0 0 0 ) ,whichlinkstheemissiontoconcentrat…     

佳木斯台形变观测对东北地区几次浅震"场兆"异常的探讨

大地震在主破裂前往往行成地壳变形,高应力作用下进入峰值后的变形阶段,反映到地倾斜观测日均值曲线上,表现为固体潮形变趋势异常,这些异常能否指示远距离的地震,近年来不少研究者发现,远场前兆往往出现在对应力、应变变化反应灵敏的特殊构造部位.佳木斯台可能处于这种特殊的构造部位,对东北地区浅源地震短期前兆异常"场兆"的趋势性变化具有一定的意义.     

Cadmium status in Egypt

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通过日记温度湿度数据统计年润湿时间--4次、24次数据法对比研究

与常规方法不同,根据全国58个基准气象台站10年的日记温度湿度数据采用每天2点、8点、14点、20点的4次数据统计了各台站3种临界相对湿度(80%、70%、60%)时的年润湿时间,并对比分析了24次(每天整点)数据的统计结果.研究表明从这两种数据所统计的相应有效年润湿时间非常接近,而且随着临界相对湿度值的降低,这种趋势更为明显,证实了采用4次数据统计年润湿时间是可行的.这样可以充分利用全国550多个基本气象台站所上报的4次温度湿度数据来研究全国润湿时间分布规律,为评估我国各地的大气腐蚀等级奠定了基础.     

2017年最大降水对再生水受水河道径流组成的影响

再生水受水河道水文条件作为河流水生环境及生化反应重要控制因子,会受到丰水季降水汇入的影响.以潮白河典型受水河道——顺义段为例,通过丰水期前（2017-06-11）、降水中（2017-07-06）、降水后（2017-07-08、2017-07-09）河水中氢氧同位素特征和氯离子浓度的变化,识别地表径流组成对2017年最大日降水量（重现期3.3a）的响应,揭示河流汇水过程径流组成的时空差异及原因.结果表明,在降水初期,降水中氢氧同位素主要受雨量效应影响,后期微小变幅主要受水汽来源差异影响,整个河段接受降水的同位素值相近.降水后3 d内坡地汇流尚未停止,在各断面占比各异;坡地汇流占比沿程增加（2%~85.6%）,再生水占比沿程减少（90%~67%）,再生水通过优先通道到达下游断面.降水后3 d内SY01~SY05断面水量由坡地汇流、再生水、原位水组成,有明显的河网汇水过程,SY06~SY07断面水量由坡地汇流及原位水组成.     

东沙群岛附近海域风候特征分析

目的利用近22年的CCMP(Cross-Calibrated,Multi-Platform)风场资料,对东沙群岛海域的风候特征进行深入研究,为军地海洋建设提供科学依据。方法利用具有高精度的CCMP风场资料,统计分析近22年期间东沙群岛附近海域的风候特征。结果东沙群岛附近海域的海表风速呈"W"状双峰型月变化。峰值出现在11、12和1月期间,海表风速在9 m/s左右,次峰值位于6月,海表风速在6 m/s左右,东沙海域的年平均风速为6.5 m/s。东沙海域的海表风速表现出"U"型日变化特征。东沙附近海域的风速主要分布于3~5级,即3.4~10.7 m/s之间,1月的大风频率明显高于7月。1月和10月,东沙附近海域的风向以NE向为主,7月受西南季风影响显著,风向以S-SW向为主,4月风向则以ENE和SSE向为主。从全年来看,风向以偏东北向为主,S-SW向居其次。在近22年期间,东沙海域的海表风速整体上以0.0424 m/(s·a)的速度显著性逐年线性递增。结论运用高精度的CCMP风场资料,通过统计分析方法得到了东沙群岛海域的风候特征,对军地海战场环境建设具有科学支持作用。     

Feeding over the 24-h cycle: dietary flexibility of cathemeral collared lemurs (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eulemur collaris</Emphasis>)

Animals show specific morphological, physiological and behavioural adaptations to diurnal or nocturnal activity. Cathemeral species, i.e. animals with activities distributed over the 24-h period, have to compromise between these specific adaptations. The driving evolutionary forces and the proximate costs and benefits of cathemerality are still poorly understood. Our goal was to evaluate the role of predator avoidance, food availability and diet quality in shaping cathemeral activity of arboreal mammals using a lemur species as an example. For this, two groups of collared lemurs, Eulemur collaris, were studied for 14 months in the littoral forest of southeastern Madagascar. Data on feeding behaviour were collected during all-day and all-night follows by direct observation. A phenological transect containing 78 plant species was established and monitored every 2 weeks to evaluate food availability during the study period. Characteristics of food items and animal nutritional intake were determined via biochemical analyses. The ratio of diurnal to nocturnal feeding was used as response variable in the analyses. The effects of abiotic environmental variables were removed statistically before the analyses of the biotic variables. We found that diurnal feeding lasted longer during the hot–wet season (December–February), whereas nocturnal feeding peaked during the hot–dry and cool–wet seasons (March–August). Although the lemurs foraged mostly in lower forest strata during daylight and used emergent trees preferably at night, the variables which measured animal exposure to birds of prey failed to predict the variation of the ratio of diurnal/nocturnal feeding. Ripe fruit availability and fiber intake are the two variables which best predicted the annual variation of the lemur diurnality. The data indicate that feeding over the whole 24-h cycle is advantageous during lean periods when animals have a fibre-rich, low-quality diet.     

Estimation of pyrethroid pesticide intake using regression modeling of food groups based on composite dietary samples

Population-based estimates of pesticide intake are needed to characterize exposure for particular demographic groups based on their dietary behaviors. Regression modeling performed on measurements of selected pesticides in composited duplicate diet samples allowed (1) estimation of pesticide intakes for a defined demographic community, and (2) comparison of dietary pesticide intakes between the composite and individual samples. Extant databases were useful for assigning individual samples to composites, but they could not provide the breadth of information needed to facilitate measurable levels in every composite. Composite sample measurements were found to be good predictors of pyrethroid pesticide levels in their individual sample constituents where sufficient measurements are available above the method detection limit. Statistical inference shows little evidence of differences between individual and composite measurements and suggests that regression modeling of food groups based on composite dietary samples may provide an effective tool for estimating dietary pesticide intake for a defined population.     

Update of daily intake of PCDDs, PCDFs, and dioxin-like PCBs from food in Japan

Total diet study (TDS) samples of 14 food groups from 16 locations in Japan, collected in 1999 and 2000, were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dioxin-like PCBs) to estimate the update of daily intake of these contaminants from food. The mean daily intake of toxic equivalency (TEQ) for an adult weighing 50 kg, calculated at non-detected isomer concentrations equal to zero (ND=0), was estimated to be 2.25 pg TEQ/kg b.w./day. When non-detected isomer concentrations are assumed to be equal to half of the limits of detection (ND=1/2 LOD), the mean daily intake was estimated to be 3.22 pg TEQ/kg b.w./day. These values were below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 4 pg TEQ/kg b.w. for PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs set in Japan. In both the estimates, the mean daily intakes were highest from fish and shellfish (76.9% at ND=0 and 53.9% at ND=1/2 LOD of the total TEQs), followed by those from meat and eggs (15.5% at ND=0 and 11.7% at ND=1/2 LOD of the total TEQs). Congener specific data revealed that these total TEQ levels were dominated by 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF and 3,3^′,4,4^′,5-PeCB in each case (71.7% at ND=0 and 63.1% at ND=1/2 LOD of the total TEQs). The dioxin-like PCBs (non-ortho and mono-ortho PCBs) accounted for about 50% of these total TEQs. These data will be very useful in the risk assessment of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs from food in Japan.