Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dust: implications for human health

The determination of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dust has been done. Samples were collected from 12 sampling locations in a city centre location (Newcastle upon Tyne, north east England) and extracted using in situ pressurised fluid extraction followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. From the results it was possible to identify three groups, with respect to PAH concentration, with PAH contents ranging between 0.6-2.3 mg kg⁻¹, 15.6-22.5 mg kg⁻¹ and 36.1-46.0 mg kg⁻¹. The total PAH content of samples from these sampling sites has been compared to 22 urban locations around the world; comparable levels were found in these samples compared to the other cities around the world.The potential source of PAHs has been investigated by investigating the proportion of pyrogenic and petrogenic material in urban street dust using specific individual PAH ratios. The results indicate that the PAH content of urban street dust from the chosen sites are more likely to be due to pyrogenic sources i.e. vehicle exhaust emissions. The particle size fractions (<63 μm; 63-125 μm; 125-250 μm; 250-500 μm; 500-1000 μm; and 1000-2000 μm) of individual PAHs in three selected sampling sites was investigated. In two of the selected sites the PAH content was independent of particle size whereas in sampling site 10 elevated PAH levels are noted in the <63 μm size fraction. Sampling site 10 is located at the junction of three road tributaries which are used as major access points to the east of the city centre. Finally, the potential health risk for unintentional consumption of PAHs was assessed in terms of a mean daily intake (based on an ingestion rate of 100 mg d⁻¹). It was found that all 4-6 membered ring PAHs had concentrations in excess of the mean daily intake thereby reflecting a potential health risk, particularly in the smallest size particle fractions.     

2016～2020年成都市控制PM2.5和O3-8h污染的健康效益评价

细颗物(PM_2.5)和臭氧是我国主要的大气污染物,严重危害人群健康.为评估成都市大气污染防治行动实施期间PM_2.5和臭氧对人群健康的影响,首先,利用流行病学中的广义相加模型和非线性分布滞后模型估算了2014～2016年成都市PM_2.5和臭氧最大8 h滑动平均(O_3-8h)浓度变化对居民疾病死亡影响的暴露-反应关系系数(β),在此基础上,采用环境风险和环境价值评估法估算2016～2020年成都市PM_2.5和O_3-8h浓度暴露水平变化的健康收益.结果表明：(1)2016～2020年成都市的ρ(PM_2.5)年均值呈逐年下降趋势,从63μg·m^-3降至40.92μg·m^-3,年均下降率约为10.14%;与之相反,ρ(O_3-8h)年均值从155μg·m^-3升至169μg·m^-3,年均增长率约为2.23%.(2)成都市PM_2.5...     

环境中氡辐射水平及控制措施分析

近年来,随着社会经济的发展,居民生活不断提高,对居室进行美化装修既成一种时尚。然而由安装（选用劣质材料）而引发的居室辐射水平超标,特别是氡辐射超标问题,已越来越受到人们的关注。为使人们对辐射环境有一基本认识和了解,作者根据多年从事辐射环境监测的经验,对环境空气中氡的性质、来源、辐射水平、危害及室内氡浓度控制措施作一简单分析介绍。     

上海市第二水源长江取水口环境生物调查和质量评价(Ⅱ.底栖生物、鱼类和生物残毒)

本文应用底栖生物和鱼类的污水生物体系的划分阶段,以及残毒量测定,以评价上海市第二水源长江二个取水口的环境质量。1989年桔水期(2—3月)和丰水期(7月)在长江口河流段南岸的浏河和浪港二个站位,在二个汛期中进行潮间带底栖生物、4至7月每月二次的鱼类种类、数量等调查和指示种的研究,以及刚毛藻、水绵、河蚬和无齿相手蟹四种底栖生物的总汞、铜、锌、镉、铅、六六六、滴滴涕等含量测定,认为二个取水口的环境复杂,综合评价结果应是β-中污型(βm),属尚清洁带。底栖生物和鱼类以喜食底泥有机质的种类占优势,底栖生物残毒主要是重金属。     

滴滴涕类农药在广东省沿海地区水产品中的残留及人体暴露水平

水产品的摄入是人体暴露于有机氯农药的主要途径之一.实验检测了采自广东省11个沿海城市水产市场的海鲜类水产品(包括6种虾类、2种蟹类和13种贝类共228个样品)中滴滴涕类农药(包括o,p’-DDT、p,p’-DDT、o,p’-DDD、p,p’-DDD、o,p’-DDE和p,p’-DDE)的残留.结果显示,DDTs在虾类、蟹类和贝类体内的平均湿重含量范围分别为0.8￣17.6ng·g-1、5.1￣16.0ng·g-1和0.6￣209.4ng·g-1.不同水产品之间因生活环境和生活习性的不同,导致其DDTs含量存在较大差别.与我国最新的食品残留标准(GB2763-2005)相比,所检测样品DDTs的含量均未超标.但若以美国环境保护局(USEPA)的标准来衡量,则DDTs含量超标的百分率达27.6%.据最近的膳食结构调查显示,广东省沿海地区的居民每天虾、蟹、贝类水产品的平均消费量为26.0g,因而通过海鲜类水产品每天摄入DDTs的量为2.4ng·kgbodyweight-1·day-1,这一结果远远低于我国设定的每日耐受摄入量(PTDI)和联合国粮农组织及世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)的相关标准.     

不同灌溉量条件下乔木状沙拐枣蒸腾耗水特性的研究

利用Flow32热平衡式茎流计,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地不同灌溉量条件下(每次每株灌水17.5、 28和35 kg)乔木状沙拐枣(Calligonum arborescens)的水分生理进行研究,结果表明:茎干液流日变化随着灌溉量的不同而有所不同,灌溉量每株每次35和28 kg,其日变化曲线呈"单峰型",液流速率较高;灌溉量每株每次17.5 kg,日变化曲线为"双峰型",且液流速率较低,其生长受到胁迫。相同时间不同灌溉量条件下,随着灌溉量的减少,其清晨和午后水势逐渐降低,且气候条件越严酷灌溉量越少,水势降低更显著;整个生长季7月水势最低。相同时间不同灌溉量条件下,单株日耗水量也随灌溉量的减少而减少,整个生长季7月各处理单株日耗水量均最高。可以看出,在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地乔木沙拐枣可通过协调水分平衡来适应其环境,但从防护林的稳定及水资源的角度考虑,应降低塔里木沙漠公路防护林现行的灌溉量,但不能低于每次每株17.5 kg,这既满足了沙拐枣对水分的需求,同时也维护了防护林稳定性。     

浙江温岭人群暴露参数

以浙江温岭市人群为研究对象,在借鉴美国国家环境保护局(US EPA)暴露参数方法学的基础上,以问卷调查方式进行不同途径下人群呼吸、皮肤、经口等暴露参数的研究.结果表明:研究地区男性、女性的呼吸速率分别为13.95和10.88 m3/d,分别比美国低34.81%和7.80%;男性、女性的体表面积分别为1.89和1.65 m2,分别比美国低3.57%和2.37%.研究地区成人饮水量为3 355.9 mL/d,饮食量为1 288.6 g/d,主要食用米、面及其制品和蔬菜,分别占41.63%和29.50%.如在同等条件下参考美国暴露参数,将会造成呼吸暴露剂量和经口暴露剂量偏小,而皮肤暴露剂量偏高的现象,在对浙江地区人群进行暴露评价和健康风险评价研究时,将会造成2.03%～80.59%的误差.      

Nitrate levels in fresh vegetables and berries from central Japan

Nitrate concentrations in 326 recent vegetables and berries sold in Niigata, located in central Japan, were investigated. Maximum nitrate concentrations of 6600 mg kg^?1 were detected in samples of komatsuna (Brassica campestris var. perviridis) and mizuna (B. campestris L.). Mean concentrations ranged from 4 mg kg^?1(blueberry) to 3500 mg kg^?1 (mizuna). Concentrations in spinach ranged from 10 to 6000 mg kg^?1 (mean 1500 mg kg^?1). Nitrate intake from spinach and Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus) were estimated to be 0.7 and 0.8 mg kg^?1 day^?1, respectively. These values are equivalent to 19% and 23% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Nitrate intake at the 90th percentile was estimated to be 1.3 mg kg^?1 day^?1 (35% of the ADI) from spinach and 1.6 mg kg^?1 day^?1 (43% of the ADI) from Japanese radish.     

Effect of waterborne boron and molybdenum on survival,growth and feed intake of Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

The effect of either boron (B) or molybdenum (Mo) on survival, growth and feed intake of Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton), advanced fry was studied in two separate experiments. Survival rates of C. mrigala fry (2.78±0.14 g) following 50 days’ exposure to B at 0.01 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg·L ^?1 were 100% at all concentrations except 8.0 mg·L ^?1 where the survival rate 87.5±7.5%. We observed 100% survival of mrigala fry at all concentrations of Mo, 0.02 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg·L ^?1. Both B and Mo at 0.5 mg·L ^?1 showed significantly (p<0.05) higher growth of the fish compared with control and other concentrations. B exposure at 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg·L ^?1 had no significant effect on growth rate, whereas at 8.0 mg B·L ^?1 growth of the fish almost ceased. Mo exposure at 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg·L ^?1 caused no significant effect on growth rate of the fish compared to control. Both B and Mo at all concentrations had no significant effect on feed intake of the fish compared with control, except at the highest concentration of boron (8.0 mg·L ^?1).