长春市郊区蔬菜有机磷农药残留与健康风险评价

为了明晰长春市郊区蔬菜有机磷农药残留现况,原位采集7种214个蔬菜样品,采用气相色谱法(GC-FPD)对11种有机磷农药进行分析测定,并采用目标危险系数(THQ)法等对其风险进行了预测研究.结果表明,样品可食用部分有机磷农药含量超过与低于最大残留限量(MRL)的比率分别为23.4%和68.7%,仅7.9%样品未检出有机磷农药.有机磷农药检出率顺序依次为:二嗪农(82.2%)甲拌磷(45.8%)乐果(29.4%)甲基对硫磷(27.6%)氧化乐果(23.8%)敌敌畏(22.9%)杀螟硫磷(21%)倍硫磷(18.7%)对硫磷(18.2%)甲胺磷(17.3%)马拉硫磷(12.1%).叶菜类蔬菜有机磷超标率高于根茎类和茄果类蔬菜.不同种类蔬菜有机磷农药超标率顺序依次为:葱(82.5%)萝卜(37.5%)辣椒(17.2%)白菜(14.3%)黄瓜(3.2%)茄子(2.9%)西红柿(0%).49.5%蔬菜中检测到1种以上有机磷农药.目标平均危险系数(ave THQ)均小于1,ave HI为0.462.因此,从蔬菜有机磷农药平均含量看,目前蔬菜中的有机磷农药不会对市民造成明显的健康风险.     

Monitoring of Daily Integrated Exposure of Outdoor Workers to Respirable Particulate Matter in an Urban Region of India

It is more and more recognised that an estimation of the exposure of the population to air pollutants is more relevant than the ambient air quality, since it gives a better indication of health risk. Outdoor workers in an urban region are generally of low income status and are exposed to higher levels of both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Hence respondents from this population subgroup have been selected for this study. Outdoor workers are divided into two categories, viz. traffic constables and casual outdoor workers like watchmen, roadside shopkeepers etc. Most of the respondents are from the lower income group. Each respondent is monitored for a continuous 48-hour period. The sampling frequency is once a week.The study region is situated in the north-west part of the Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation. It can be classified as industrial cum residential area. The daily integrated exposure of the outdoor workers consists of two major micro-environments, viz. occupational and indoor residential.A personal air sampler was used along with a cyclone to measure levels of Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM). The cyclone has a 50% removal efficiency for particle diameter of 5 m. Paired samples of PM10 (ambient) and RPM (personal) were collected to establish the correlation between them. The average 24-hour integrated exposure to RPM was 322 g/m3 and exceeded the corresponding PM10 level observed at the nearest Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station by a factor of 2.25. The 90% confidence interval for this exposure is 283–368 g/m3. This study clearly demonstrates that the daily integrated exposure and therefore the health risk of outdoor workers in an urban area is significantly more serious than that indicated by ambient air quality data.     

不同园林绿地类型内空气PM_(2.5)浓度的动态变化及其滞尘效应分析

通过对不同园林绿地类型内空气PM_(2.5)的检测,结果发现:PM_(2.5)浓度日变化规律均呈现早晚高午间低的双峰单谷型趋势。各绿地类型内空气PM_(2.5)浓度10月最低,8月最高。全年空气PM_(2.5)浓度均值从大至小依次为夏季>冬季>春季>秋季。不同天气状况下空气PM_(2.5)浓度的大小排序依次为阴天>晴天>雨天>雨后天晴。复混的植被结构对空气颗粒物的滞尘能力大于单一的植被结构,按滞尘能力大小排序依次为阔叶乔灌草、针叶乔灌草、阔叶乔草、灌木草坪、草坪。     

“引黄入呼”取水口动态性水环境容量计算

针对黄河呼和浩特段沿线水体持续污染为"引黄入呼"取水口带来的水环境质量问题,采用MIKE三维水动力和水质耦合模型,进行了"引黄入呼"取水口水环境容量动态性研究,这对取水口水安全与上游排污能力协调、稳定推进呼和浩特市饮用水的健康运行具有重要意义.结果表明:按照90%供水保证率进行计算,黄河呼和浩特段"引黄入呼"取水口处可以满足"引黄入呼"取水需求,流量剩余量在结冰枯水期可达5250%,丰水期可达42500%;黄河呼和浩特段"引黄入呼"取水口处DO、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~-、BOD、TP、FC、COD均可满足《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)Ⅲ类标准中的相关限值,整体水体状况良好,都具有一定的容量,NH_4~+-N、NO_3~-、BOD、TP、FC剩余容量较大,COD容量较小但DO容量较大,经分析,目前没有富营养化、藻类大量繁殖等不良趋势发生,短时间内容量较为稳定;DO、NO_3~-、FC、TP水环境容量通年较为平稳,分别在1.97 mg·L~(-1)、6.25 mg·L~(-1)、9327个·g-1、0.12 mg·L~(-1)附近波动;NH_4~+-N、BOD、COD最小水环境容量分别出现在4月(0.27 mg·L~(-1))、9月(0.70 mg·L~(-1))、6月(0.20 mg·L~(-1)),最大水环境容量均出现在7月,分别为0.72、2.80、7.57 mg·L~(-1).     

上海市饮用水水源地环境风险评估

在对影响饮用水水源地安全的企业进行调查的基础上,判断企业突发性事故发生的概率和事故发生的后果,建立了上海市饮用水水源地企业环境风险评估指标体系;同时,结合上海市水源地的自然条件及监管情况,建立了上海市饮用水水源地(取水口)综合评估指标体系。评估结果表明,上海市饮用水水源地高风险企业占企业总数的18.7%,17.2%的水源地取水口相对为高风险取水口。     

深圳海滩塑料垃圾及其重金属污染分析

海洋塑料垃圾污染是一个全球性环境问题,为了解海岸线上塑料垃圾及其重金属污染情况,本研究在深圳海岸线上选取5个典型海滩,分析海滩塑料垃圾的组成和来源,并研究塑料垃圾的重金属含量及其浸出行为,评估其潜在的摄入风险.结果表明：塑料和泡沫塑料是海滩垃圾最主要的组成成分,占比高达72%;人类海岸活动是海滩塑料垃圾最主要的来源,占比高达80.58%;塑料垃圾中Zn、Ba、Pb的含量较高,其中Zn的平均值达到500mg/kg以上;在模拟胃酸溶液中,Zn的浸出浓度最高（0.7605~2.6283mg/L）,Mn浸出率最高（16.22%~83.45%）,Sb的浸出量和浸出率均为最低.基于海滩塑料垃圾样品中重金属最大可浸出率的摄入风险评估表明,塑料样品中的重金属不会造成健康风险.本研究提供的基础数据资料有助于海洋塑料垃圾的管理.     

降雨时间分辨率对SWAT水文模拟的影响

分别基于13个雨量站的日降雨量和小时降雨量,在率水流域建立SWAT（Soil and Water Assessment Tool）水文模型,对基于不同降雨时间分辨率的SWAT模型进行独立的参数率定和验证,在此基础上分析降雨时间分辨率对率水流域SWAT模拟性能的影响.结果表明,降雨输入的时间分辨率对率水流域SWAT模型的水文模拟性能有显著影响.小时降雨输入SWAT模型的纳什系数（NSE）和决定系数（R²）在率定期分别为0.89、0.90,在验证期分别为0.86、0.88,均显著高于日降雨输入SWAT模型对应的模型评价统计量值.究其原因,小时降雨输入SWAT模型对于峰值流量的模拟要明显优于日降雨输入SWAT模型.建议应在不同气候与自然环境条件的流域内开展类似的降雨时间分辨率对水文模型模拟性能的影响研究.     

ESTIMATING NUTRIENT AND SEDIMENT THRESHOLD CRITERIA FOR BIOLOGICAL IMPAIRMENT IN PENNSYLVANIA WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: This study employs a simple nonlinear statistical approach to establish nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment concentration and unit area load thresholds to aid in the evaluation of aquatic biological health of watersheds within the state of Pennsylvania. Flow, nitrogen and phosphorus species, sediment, basin area, land cover, and biological assessment data were assembled for 29 Pennsylvania watersheds. For each watershed, rating curves depicting flow versus load relationships were developed using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) storage and retrieval database (STORET) flow and concentration data, then applied to daily flow data obtained from U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) daily flow gauging stations to estimate daily load between 1989 and 1999. The load estimates and concentration data were then sorted into six sets of data: mean annual unit area nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment loads; and average nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment concentrations. Results of Mann‐Whitney tests conducted on each of the six datasets indicate that there is a statistically significant difference between the concentrations and unit area loads of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment in impaired and unimpaired watersheds. Concentration thresholds, calculated as the midpoint between the impaired and unimpaired watersheds’ 95 percent confidence interval for the median, were estimated to be 2.01 mg/L, 0.07 mg/L, and 197.27 mg/L for nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment, respectively. Annual unit area load thresholds were estimated to be equal to 8.64 kg/ha, 0.30 kg/ha, and 785.29 kg/ha, respectively, for nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment species.     

广西靖西选矿厂取水对靖西县城河段水质的影响

根据广西华银铝业有限公司氧化铝厂——靖西选矿厂取水对靖西县城河段水质的影响，对靖西县城河段、入河排污现状，以及该河段纳污能力的计算进行分析评价。结果表明，该河段水体己受污染，主要污染因子为锰和粪大肠菌群。由此对存在的水环境问题提出相应的对策。     

大气环境质量目标值的保证率分析

对城市大气污染物的日平均浓度及年日平均浓度的关系进行了分析,并指出在不同的城市及区域由于气象条件和地表因子存在差异,在确定“质量目标”时日平均浓度达标“保证率”是一个重要的因素。十年来监测资料分析表明,常州市区若以TSP年日平均值0.072mg/m~3,SO_2年日平均值0.06mg/m~3作为“质量目标”,相应的TSP、SO_2日平均浓度达标(国家二级标准)保证率将分别为90％、98％。