Total nitrogen and community turnover determine phosphorus use efficiency of phytoplankton along nutrient gradients in plateau lakes

Numerous studies support that biodiversity predict most to ecosystem functioning, but whether other factors display a more significant direct impact on ecosystem functioning than biodiversity remains to be studied. We investigated 398 samples of the phytoplankton phosphorus resource use efficiency (RUE_P = chlorophyll-a concentration/dissolved phosphate) across two seasons in nine plateau lakes in Yunnan Province, China. We identified the main contributors to phytoplankton RUE_P and analyzed their potential influences on RUE_P at different lake trophic states. The results showed that total nitrogen (TN) contributed the most to RUE_P among the nine lakes, whereas community turnover (measured as community dissimilarity) explained the most to RUE_P variation across the two seasons. Moreover, TN also influenced RUE_P by affecting biodiversity. Species richness (SR), functional attribute diversity (FAD2), and dendrogram-based functional diversity (FDc) were positively correlated with RUE_P in both seasons, while evenness was negatively correlated with RUE_P at the end of the rainy season. We also found that the effects of biodiversity and turnover on RUE_P depended on the lake trophic states. SR and FAD2 were positively correlated with RUE_P in all three trophic states. Evenness showed a negative correlation with RUE_P at the eutrophic and oligotrophic levels, but a positive correlation at the mesotrophic level. Turnover had a negative influence on RUE_P at the eutrophic level, but a positive influence at the mesotrophic and oligotrophic levels. Overall, our results suggested that multiple factors and nutrient states need to be considered when the ecosystem functioning predictors and the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships are investigated.     

建筑陶瓷行业SO2污染物评价及总量控制实用方法

采用高斯点源模型对建陶生产造成的SO2地面浓度增量进行计算.利用比例下降模型计算建陶业的SO2允许排放总量,并根据企业的设备生产能力进行了总量分配,在方法上具有较强的可操作性,计算结果表明,可有效降低所在地区的SO2地面浓度.     

A method to estimate the impact of clear-cutting on nutrient concentrations in boreal headwater streams

Large-scale forestry operations, like clear-cutting, may impair surface water quality if not done with environmental considerations in mind. Catchment and country level estimates of nutrient loads from forestry are generally based on specific export values, i.e., changes in annual exports due to the implemented forestry operations expressed in kg ha⁻¹. We introduce here a specific concentration approach as a method to estimate the impact of clear-cutting on nutrient concentrations and export in headwater streams. This new method is potentially a more dynamic and flexible tool to estimate nutrient loads caused by forestry, because variation in annual runoff can be taken into account in load assessments. We combined water quality data from eight boreal headwater catchment pairs located in Finland and Sweden, where the effect of clear-cutting on stream water quality has been studied experimentally. Statistically significant specific concentration values could be produced for total nitrogen, nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate. The significant increases in the concentrations of these nutrients occurred between 2 and 6 years after clear-cutting. Significant specific concentration values could not be produced for total phosphorus and total organic carbon with the whole dataset, although in some single studies significant increases in their concentrations after clear-cutting were observed. The presented method enables taking into account variation in runoff, temporal dynamics of effects, and the proportional size of the treated area in load calculations. The number of existing studies considering large site-specific variation in responses to clear-cutting is small, and therefore further empirical studies are needed to improve predictive capabilities of the specific concentration values.     

总量控制目标分解计算有关问题的探讨

对总量控制目标分析计算的有关问题进行了讨论，如预留发展量，预留改善量的概念及规划方法，点源总量控制指标的分析计算方法等。分解计算分“一步到位法”和“两步到位法 ”两种方式，诸地有所区别。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定自来水中总铬升温参数的探讨

对石墨炉原子吸收测定自来水中总铬的方法进行优化。通过对石墨炉升温程序条件进行优化,找出其最佳参数值,其方法的线性关系良好,相关系数为0.999以上,回收率在96.7%~99.5%之间。该法操作简便,灵敏度和准确度高,线性好,便于推广,适合自来水中总铬的测定。     

中俄联合监测水质中总磷测定实验的方法与结果对比分析

近年来,中俄双方开展了对等联合监测,但由于国域差别,两个国家在一个项目上采取了不同的实验方法,常出现同一个样品中俄双方出现不同的实验结果,为避免分歧,我国在少数几个站进行了中俄双方实验方法的对比实验,现就水质中总磷的测定将两国的实验方法和实验结果进行了分析。     

微波密封消解法快速测定总磷

对微波密封消解法测定总磷进行了研究．实验结果表明：该法操作简单、消解时间短，准确度高，精密度好，值得普及和推广．     

常见沉水植物对草海水体(含底泥)总氮去除速率的研究

利用狐尾藻?菹草?苦草?伊乐藻?金鱼藻?篦齿眼子菜?轮藻等7种沉水植物对受污染的草海水体(含底泥)总氮去除速率进行了试验研究?结果表明:每种沉水植物对水体总氮?总磷均有显著去除作用,在试验的27d内,对总氮?总磷的去除百分率分别为80.31%,89.82%;重点对7种沉水植物引起水体总氮浓度下降与时间的关系作回归分析,所得结果是随着时间的延长,水体中总氮浓度呈负指数形式衰减?该文还研究了水体总氮浓度与去除速率之间的关系?每种沉水植物在试验的总氮浓度范围内(2.628～16.667mg/L)去除速率随总氮浓度的增加而增加?对TN_{_t}曲线和V-TN曲线在大型水生植物系统恢复中的应用进行了讨论?      

太滆运河总氮污染物排放限值研究

以太滆运河为研究对象,根据总氮污染物入河特点,对入河支浜进行概化,采用一维河流水质模型,将运河分为5段计算总氮污染物的排放限值。结果表明:太滆运河计算段的总氮污染物排放限值为10.4t/a,而目前排入太滆运河计算段的总氮约为40t/a。建议对太滆运河两岸总氮污染物实行严格的减排措施以提高入湖河流的水质,确保太湖水环境质量。     

Relationships between regulated DBPs and emerging DBPs of health concern in U.S. drinking water

A survey was conducted at eight U.S. drinking water plants, that spanned a wide range of water qualities and treatment/disinfection practices. Plants that treated heavily-wastewater-impacted source waters had lower trihalomethane to dihaloacetonitrile ratios due to the presence of more organic nitrogen and HAN precursors. As the bromide to total organic carbon ratio increased, there was more bromine incorporation into DBPs. This has been shown in other studies for THMs and selected emerging DBPs (HANs), whereas this study examined bromine incorporation for a wider group of emerging DBPs (haloacetaldehydes, halonitromethanes). Moreover, bromine incorporation into the emerging DBPs was, in general, similar to that of the THMs. Epidemiology studies that show an association between adverse health effects and brominated THMs may be due to the formation of brominated emerging DBPs of heath concern. Plants with higher free chlorine contact times before ammonia addition to form chloramines had less iodinated DBP formation in chloraminated distribution systems, where there was more oxidation of the iodide to iodate (a sink for the iodide) by the chlorine. This has been shown in many bench-scale studies (primarily for iodinated THMs), but seldom in full-scale studies (where this study also showed the impact on total organic iodine. Collectively, the THMs, haloacetic acids, and emerging DBPs accounted for a significant portion of the TOCl, TOBr, and TOI; however, ∼50% of the TOCl and TOBr is still unknown. The correlation of the sum of detected DBPs with the TOCl and TOBr suggests that they can be used as reliable surrogates.