Using the guild concept in the assessment of tree harvesting effects on understory herbs: A cautionary note

To help determine whether plants should be grouped into guilds for environmental impact assessment, the responses of six members of a guild of deciduous forest herbs to selective tree harvesting were compared. Harvesting operations themselves (tree cutting and skidding) had little effect on five of the six species but the sixth species decreased more in cut plots than in uncut plots. Subsequent microclimatic changes, resulting from tree cutting, also affected guild members differently. In the first year after cutting, two species increased more in cut plots than in uncut plots, while three other species did not change in frequency of occurrence and the sixth species decreased more in cut plots than in uncut plots. This inconsistent response of guild members to tree harvesting suggests that caution should be exercised in using guilds to assess plant response to environmental change.     

Effects of simulated acid rain on the injury and physiological responses of crops

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叶菜类蔬菜硝酸盐含量及其与土壤肥力因素的关系

对长沙市蔬菜生产基地春夏季节3种叶菜类蔬菜硝酸盐含量进行测定并与对应的菜园土壤8个肥力因素进行相关分析。结果表明,叶菜类蔬菜中,以小白菜硝酸盐含量最高,平均含量为3336±1359mg/kg,污染最严重;所调查的14个样本中超过四级标准达到严重污染水平的占64%以上。叶菜类蔬菜硝酸盐含量与土壤硝酸盐含量呈正相关,其中小白菜和苋菜相应的相关系数和通径分析系数均达5%以上显著水平。土壤硝酸盐含量是影响叶菜类蔬菜硝酸盐含量的主要土壤肥力因素。     

Dissipation and translocation of saisenxin in tobacco and soil under conventional field and controlled laboratory conditions

Abstract

The aim of this investigation was to investigate the fate and translocation characteristics of saisenxin (SSX), a novel organic zinc fungicide, in the environment and tobacco plants under conventional field and laboratory conditions. A rapid and sensitive analytical technique based on high-performance liquid chromatography was used for determination of SSX, in soil samples and tobacco leaf, stem and root samples. The method had satisfactiry linearity (R^2?=?0.9999) and the limits of detection and of quantitation of the target compound were 0.06 and 0.20?mg kg^?1, respectively. The average recoveries were in the range of 89.74–94.24% in soil, leaf, stem and root samples, with relative standard deviations of <8%. For conventional field trials, the half-life (t_1/2) of SSX was 5.9–6.5 days in soil and 4.8–5.3 days in tobacco leaves; the corresponding values under controlled laboratory conditions were extended to 7.1 and 7.6?days. The translocation factor (TF) values were in the range of 0–2.25 and 0–0.25 for foliage and root irrigation treatments, respectively. The TFs of SSX in tobacco indicated that tobacco had a high ability to transfer SSX upward.     

Simultaneous determination of fenitrothion and aminocarb in blueberry foliage and fruits: Application to the analysis of residues in field samples

Abstract

Samples of blueberry foliage and fruits were collected from spray blocks in Ontario after aerial application of fenitrothion and aminocarb at dosage rates of 210 g active ingredient (AI)/ha and 70 g AI/ha respectively. Residues were extracted from the samples by homogenizing with ethyl acetate, cleaned up by microcolumn chromatography using alumina as adsorbent, and analyzed by GLC‐AFID with a glass column packed with 1.5% OV‐17 and 1.95% OV‐210 on 80–100 mesh Chromosorb W‐HP. Average recoveries for fenitrothion and aminocarb from foliage at three fortification levels (1.0, 0.10 and 0.01 ppm) were respectively 99 and 96%. The corresponding values for the fruits were 99 and 95%. Foliage samples collected 1 h post‐spray contained on average 1.13 ppm of fe‐nitrothion and 1.14 ppm of aminocarb. However, residue levels reached below the detection limit (<0.01 ppm) in foliage collected 15 d after treatment. In addition, the fruit samples collected after 15 d post‐spray contained extremely low levels (0.03 ppm for fenitrothion and 0.02 ppm for aminocarb) of residues, and were barely above the detection limit.     

The persistence of insecticidal chemicals in soils treated with granular formulations of aldicarb and their uptake by potato plants

Abstract

Potatoes were grown in Plainfield sand and muck treated, in furrow, with aldicarb (Temik 15G, 3.36 kg Al/ha). .Soils were contained in 2 m^z field plots and had not been treated previously with pesticides. Soil, seed pieces, foliage and tubers were analyzed for the insecticide and its sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites during the 12 wk following planting. The disappearance of aldicarb from the soil was accompanied by partial conversion to the sulfoxide and sulfone. After increasing rapidly during the first 2 wk, the aldicarb concentration in the seed piece declined and a similar concentration of aldicarb sulfoxide accumulated which subsequently slowly disappeared. Aldicarb sulfoxide was the major insecticidal material in the new foliage. High initial concentrations, observed at 3–4 wk, declined by about 90% after 6 wk. Aldicarb sulfoxide residues of 2–4 ppm in the first new tubers at 6 wk declined by 90% by 12 wk. Potatoes were also grown under greenhouse conditions in Plainfield sand treated with Temik 10G at rates equivalent to 1.68, 3.36 and 6.72 kg Al/ha. Maximum aldicarb sulfoxide concentrations in soil, seed piece and foliage increased with application rate. The sulfoxide was much more persistent in the soil and foliage than in the field experiment indicating the importance of environmental factors to its behaviour in both soil and potato plants.     

The effect of multiple soil applications of disulfoton on enhanced microbial degradation in soil and subsequent uptake of insecticidal chemicals by potato plants

Abstract

Potatoes were grown during 1992 in 2 m² plots of loam which had received 1, 2 or 3 annual treatments of Di‐Syston 15G, equivalent to 3.36 kg AI/ha, in furrow at planting. The presence of enhanced degradative activity to the sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites of disulfoton in the soil treated in the previous two years was confirmed by laboratory tests prior to the 1992 treatments. Soil, seed potato and foliage from the three treatments were analyzed for disulfoton and its sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites for 12 wk following planting/treatment. Disulfoton was the major insecticidal component of the soil, a minor component of the seed piece and was not detected (<0.02 ppm) in potato foliage. Disulfoton concentrations in each of the three substrates sampled were similar for the three treatments. Disulfoton sulfoxide and sulfone were the major insecticidal components of the seed piece and foliage. Their maximum concentrations in 1st year soil, seed pieces and foliage were ca. 2x, 2x and 6x, respectively, those measured in the 2nd and 3rd year treatments. The results demonstrate that enhanced microbial degradation of relatively minor insecticidal compounds in the soil can profoundly affect insecticide levels in the plant when these compounds are the major insecticidal components accumulated. The broader implications for crop protection using soil‐applied systemic insecticides are discussed.     

硝基苯精馏再沸器安全分析与评估

为了明确硝基苯精馏再沸器装置爆炸事故发生的原因,有针对性的采取预防措施,综合运用英国帝国化学工业公司的IC I蒙德评价法和事故树分析（FTA）法对精馏再沸器进行安全分析研究,确定了该装置生产过程中的物料物质系数,计算相关的物质危险性、工艺危险性和毒性指数,经过安全措施补偿系数修正后,得出了硝基苯精馏再沸器总危险性系数和危险等级;定性地分析了各危险因素的大小;定量地得出装置的危险程度,并提出了安全措施。结果表明,该装置的危险等级属中等,高温下漏入空气、阀门失效和法兰密封不严是导致该事故的3个最主要的原因,因此,应从以上几方面采取措施,加强安全生产管理。控制精馏再沸器的加热温度,防止局部积累热量,从而降低危险等级,确保安全生产。     

外源植物激素喷施对三叶鬼针草修复镉污染土壤的影响

为了探究外源植物激素喷施对超积累植物吸收重金属的影响,以三叶鬼针草（Bidens pilosa L.）为供试植物,通过叶面喷施3种不同浓度的6-苄基腺嘌呤（6-BA）、水杨酸（SA）和24-表油菜素甾醇（24-EBR）,研究外源植物激素喷施对三叶鬼针草修复镉（Cd）污染的影响.结果表明,分别喷施适宜浓度的3种外源植物激素：①高效强化三叶鬼针草修复Cd污染土壤效果,使植株叶部Cd含量分别增加4.21%、31.79%和14.89%,使转运系数（TF）分别提高9.67%、18.83%和17.85%,使植株提取效率（PR）分别提高15.36%、32.33%和64.38%;②显著促进三叶鬼针草的生长,使植株地上部干重分别增加了37.53%、74.50%和104.02%;③显著增强三叶鬼针草的光合作用,使植株叶绿素a含量分别提高了79.31%、92.27%和51.12%,此时光化学猝灭系数（qP）分别提高11.32%、89.16%和78.43%,非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）分别提高51.71%、241.12%和27.85%;④显著强化三叶鬼针草抗氧化能力,使得植株丙二醛（MDA）浓度分别降低了62.41%、68.67%和46.76%,使超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性分别提高了68.33%、10.28%和6.17%,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性分别提高了31.43%、37.87%和37.31%.综上所述,Cd胁迫下喷施适宜浓度的外源6-BA、SA和24-EBR可显著提高三叶鬼针草生物量,促进重金属在植株体内富集;提升植株光合作用能力,降低重金属胁迫对植株的氧化损伤,增强抗氧化能力,提高植株对于Cd的吸收和耐受性;促进植株根部Cd向地上部转移,提高植株对重金属Cd的提取效率,高效强化植株修复效果,其中以30 mg ·L^-1 SA叶面喷施效果最佳.     

公路隧道火灾预防的安全性分析

隧道火灾对隧道的破坏是巨大的,分析了容易造成公路隧道火灾的隧道交通环境,并利用事故树分析方法详细分析了可能导致隧道火灾事故的具体因素,进行了导致隧道火灾基本事件重要度排序分析。最后根据隧道火灾原因提出的公路隧道火灾预防措施,主要包括隧道内的行车管理、隧道使用者和管理者的培训和管理、装载易燃易爆物品车辆的通行对策以及预防隧道火灾对隧道设计的要求。这些观点对我国隧道火灾预防方法和防火设计有一定的积极意义。