基于事故树的城市洪水灾害原因分析与应对策略

近年来频繁发生的城市洪水灾害,造成了巨大损失和严重影响。利用事故树分析法,以北京市"7·21"洪水事故为例,对城市洪水灾害成因进行了分析,构建了事故树、确定了最小割集,并对结构重要度进行了分析。结果表明:极端天气和城市雨岛效应是重要性最强的基本事件,排水不畅、人为因素是洪水灾害造成重大损失的重要症结。从增强预警、改善排水管网、减少硬化地面、疏浚河道等方面对解决城市洪水灾害的对策提出了建议。     

Relationship between types of urban forest and PM2.5 capture at three growth stages of leaves

Particulate matter diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) causes direct harm to human health. Finding forms of urban forest systems that with the ability to reduce the amount of particulate matter in air effectively is the aim of this study. Five commonly cultivated kinds of urban forest types were studied in Beijing city at three stages of leaf growth. Results show that the urban forest system is capable of storing and capturing dust from the air. The types of shrubs and broadleaf trees that have the ability to capture PM_2.5 from the air are most effective when leaves have fully developed. In the leafless season, the conifer and mixed tree types are the most effective in removing dust from the air. For all kinds of forest types and stages of leaf growth, the PM_2.5 concentration is highest in the morning but lower in the afternoon and evening. Grassland cannot control particles suspended in the air, but can reduce dust pollution caused by dust from the ground blown by the wind back into the air.     

焦化厂周边PM10-梧桐叶片-土壤介质中PAHs相关性研究

为了研究焦化厂大气可吸入颗粒物（PM₁₀）、梧桐叶片、土壤3介质中PAHs的污染特征、来源及相关性,连续1 a采其周边PM₁₀、梧桐叶片及土壤样品,利用美国EPA8000系列方法进行分析.结果发现,PM₁₀、梧桐叶片、土壤3种介质中PAHs总量年平均值分别为101.11 ng/m³、79.45 ng/g和121.53 μg/g;PM₁₀中苯并(a)蒽、苯并(g,h,i)、荧蒽、苯并(a)芘等高环数的多环芳烃占明显优势;在梧桐叶片中萘、苊、苯并(a)芘和苯并(g,h,i)的含量较高;土壤中苊烯、芘、苯并(a)蒽等3和4环的PAHs占较大比例. 5月梧桐树叶中只含有苊和芘,而且浓度较低,分别为0.16 ng/g和0.63 ng/g;7、8月梧桐叶中PAHs总量显著提高,从39.19 ng/g上升到150.94 ng/g.通过相关性推断,焦化厂PAHs主要来源为复合污染; 梧桐叶片中PAHs各组分浓度与土壤和PM₁₀中各组分的浓度均具有极显著的相关性（p<0.01）.     

广州城市绿地土壤特征及其对树木生长的影响

研究广州城市绿地土壤的特征,并探讨其对树木生长的影响。结果表明:广州城市绿地土壤受到不同程度的人为干扰。其中公园和大学校园树林土壤的理化性质虽有一定改变,但仍接近自然土壤的状况;行道树的土壤则过于紧实,且pH值太高,而有机质及氮、磷含量较低。这些土壤问题会对行道树的生长造成不利的影响。文中对这些存在的问题提出了一些相应的改善措施。      

城市道路绿化带不同植物叶片附尘对大气污染的磁学响应

对上海市金沙江路两侧绿化带内24个常绿植物叶片样品进行了磁性与重金属测试,以探讨城市道路绿化带不同植物叶片附尘对大气污染的磁学响应.结果表明,χ、SIRM值分别在（4～59）×10-8m3.kg-1和（496～6 114）×10-6Am2.kg-1之间变化,S-300 mT在89%～98%之间变动.所有植物样品中χARM/χ〈4,χARM/SIRM〈30×10-5mA-1.磁性参数表明,植物叶片附尘以亚铁磁性矿物为主,磁性矿物颗粒以假单畴（PSD）-多畴（MD）为主.重金属元素Zn、Cu、Pb含量与反映亚铁磁性矿物含量的χ、SIRM、χARM呈显著正相关,可以将磁性参数SIRM作为叶片重金属元素的替代指标.推荐在上海地区广泛种植的广玉兰作为道路植物污染的指示植物。     

模拟酸雨对水稻叶片荧光光谱特性的影响

通过水稻盆栽试验,研究了不同pH值的模拟酸雨对水稻叶片荧光光谱特性的影响。结果表明,高酸度的酸雨对450nm处的峰强以及685nm和740nm处的峰强比值产生较为明显的影响,且该影响随水稻生育期而变化,这揭示出利用激光诱导荧光技术监测酸雨影响作物生长的可行性     

香蕉茎叶资源的开发利用

根据我国香蕉资源丰富而茎叶利用不够充分的情况,结合国内外研究现状,阐述了香蕉茎叶资源开发利用的现状和前景.香蕉茎叶除了可以作为饲草资源外,还可用于栽培食用菌、提取盐、医用、造纸等,是一种有待大力开发的农作物资源.     

松花江上游夹皮沟金矿开采区芦苇叶片汞分布特征

为研究金矿开采区周围芦苇(Phragmites australis)叶片汞含量的分布特征、影响因素及其与其它环境要素的相关性,2016年6月(夏季)和9月(秋季)在位于松花江上游的夹皮沟金矿开采区内采集芦苇叶片、土壤、水体样本测定汞含量,同步测定大气汞浓度,并通过单因子污染指数法确定芦苇叶片汞污染等级,分析芦苇叶片汞含量与环境要素汞含量的相关关系.结果表明,在空间分布上,芦苇叶片汞含量以及土壤、水体汞含量均随离夹皮沟金矿距离的加大而逐渐衰减,大气汞浓度空间分布特征不明显;在时间分布上,芦苇叶片汞重污染地区夏季汞含量低于秋季,芦苇叶片汞轻污染地区夏季汞含量略高于秋季,而大气汞、土壤汞含量均为夏季高于秋季;各环境要素对芦苇叶片汞含量的影响重要程度依次为:土壤大气水体;此外,停止混汞法采金多年后,夹皮沟金矿开采区汞源主要为土壤.     

梧桐树叶作为反硝化碳源的研究

以梧桐树叶浸出液作为碳源进行反硝化实验.首先探讨了树叶中有机酸在浸渍过程中的释放规律及其影响因素.经过分析,树叶中释放的有机酸成分主要是延胡索酸,其它还有柠檬酸、草酸和苹果酸等.采用梧桐树叶浸出液作为反硝化碳源时,平均硝酸盐去除速率为2.19 mg·h-1,而以甲醇、乙酸和葡萄糖为碳源时,它们的硝酸盐去除速率分别为2.29、2.26和1.87 mg·h-1.其速率略低于甲醇和乙酸,而远高于葡萄糖.实验结果表明在反硝化过程中,去除1mg硝酸盐需要7.5mg当量梧桐树叶浸出液的COD,并且没有亚硝酸盐的积累.     

Evaluation of a cost e ective technique for treating aquaculture water discharge using Lolium perenne Lam as a biofilter

Wastewater stabilization ponds generate low cost by-products that are useful for agriculture. The utilization of these by-products for soil amendment and as a source of nutrients for plants requires a high level of sanitation and stabilization of the organic matter, to maintain acceptable levels of soil, water and air quality. In this study, two aquaculture wastewater treatment systems; recirculating system and a floating plant bed system were designed to improve the quality of irrigation water in local communities with low income. In both systems the grass species Lolium perenne Lam was used as a plant biofilter while vegetable specie Amaranthus viridis was used to evaluate the performance of the system and the suitability of the phyto-treated water for irrigation. It was found that the harmful material removal rate for recirculating system was 88.9% for TAN （total ammonia nitrogen）, 90% for NO2--N, 64.8% for NO3--N while for floating plant bed system 82.7% for TAN, 82% for NO2--N and 60.5% for NO3--N. Comparative analysis of the efficiency of waste element removal between the two systems revealed that both systems performed well, however, plant growth was not robust for floating plant bed system while recirculating system is energy consuming. Although both systems did not attain sufficient levels of TN （total nitrogen） and TP （total phosphorus） load reduction, the treatment with L. perenne remarkably improved the irrigation water quality. A. viridis plants irrigated with the phyto-treated discharge water had lesser concentrations of heavy metals in their tissues compared to those irrigated with untreated discharge. The control plants irrigated with untreated discharge were also found to be highly lignified with few stems and small leaves.