株洲清水塘工业区周边土壤微生物群落特征

基于Illumina高通量测序技术分析了株洲清水塘工业区周边土壤的微生物群落特征,研究重金属污染对土壤微生物群落的影响.结果表明,土壤微生物群落的相对丰度和多样性变化趋势一致,均随着重金属污染程度增加而减小;稻田土壤平均相对丰度最高的门是变形菌门(49. 56%),其次为绿弯菌门(13. 07%)和酸杆菌门(8. 77%);较高重金属污染程度下伴随着更高丰度的变形菌门、绿弯菌门与更低丰度的硝化螺旋菌门、酸杆菌门; 4组样品的微生物群落结构相似性较高,OTU重叠度达52. 64%,丰度较高的OTU其微生物群落更趋向于相似;结合Spearman相关性分析,Cr与变形菌门显著负相关,与绿弯菌门显著正相关,Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn与硝化螺旋菌门显著负相关.以上结果表明,重金属污染是影响清水塘工业区周边土壤微生物群落结构的重要因素.     

珠江三角洲一些菜地土壤中多环芳烃的含量及来源

为了探讨珠江三角洲中心区经济发达地带的多环芳烃污染水平,为有关部门制定相关的环保政策提供依据,分析了55个分别采自广州、东莞以及佛山郊区表层菜地中土壤样品的多环芳烃的含量.16种EPA(美国环保署)规定的优先控制多环芳烃含量为58～3077 μg·kg-1,均值为315 μg·kg-1,相对于土壤标准和世界其它地区的检测结果属于中等程度污染.分析结果表明,土壤中多环芳烃的含量同土壤总有机碳、碳黑存在着显著的线性关系.通过几个常用参数分析得知,广州、东莞及佛山的多环芳烃污染来源于石化污染以及化石燃料、生物质和煤炭的燃烧.据估算,广州、东莞及佛山0～20 cm表层土壤中多环芳烃类的储量为1292t.     

套种条件下混合螯合剂对污染土壤Cd淋滤行为的影响

为了研究螯合剂对污染土壤Cd向下迁移的影响,对采自广东省乐昌市和清远市的2种铅锌矿废水污染水稻土（分别为中性和酸性土壤）进行100 cm土柱室外淋溶试验,研究在玉米与东南景天套种系统中,在5 mmol.kg-1土的混合螯合剂[MC∶柠檬酸∶味精废液∶EDTA∶KCl（摩尔比）=10∶1∶2∶3]的强化作用下对2种污染土壤中Cd的淋滤行为的影响.结果表明,施加混合螯合剂后第2 d,混合螯合剂能明显提高2种土壤各土层淋滤液Cd浓度;施后第8 d混合螯合剂仍能继续提高中性土壤20 cm以下土层和酸性土壤60 cm以下土层淋滤液Cd的浓度,但其活化作用均已迅速下降.施后第2 d和第8 d,2种土壤各土层的套种＋MC处理的淋滤液Cd浓度均超过国家地下水质量标准（GB/T 14848-93）.施加混合螯合剂可降低中性土壤表层全Cd量.不同处理的土壤Cd均有向下层迁移的趋势,尤其是酸性土壤,在20 cm和40 cm处不同处理的全Cd量与起始值比较分别下降了40%～58%和39%～49%,经过100 d的修复即可达到土壤环境质量标准（GB 15618-1995）.上述结果表明,施用混合螯合剂对Cd污染土壤的地下水水质存在一定的潜在污染风险.     

贵州省旱田土壤N2O释放及其环境影响因素

以贵州省的玉米－油菜轮作田、大豆－冬小麦轮作和休耕地为研究对象,采用密闭箱－气相色谱法,对整个轮作期的土壤Ｎ₂Ｏ释放进行观测,初步研究我国亚热带旱田的Ｎ₂Ｏ释放特征．实验研究结果表明,３试验田Ｎ₂Ｏ释放通量具有相同的规律性日变化形式,秋收作物达通量极大值的时间比越冬作物滞后２ｈ～３ｈ,气温是控制Ｎ₂Ｏ通量日变化的主要环境因子：３试验田Ｎ₂Ｏ释放通量（以Ｎ₂Ｏ中的Ｎ计）分别在９．８１～４３３．１１,４．００～１８０．４１和９．７４～２８２．００μｇ·ｍ^-2·ｈ^-1,高于我国水田和北方旱田的Ｎ₂Ｏ释放通量;进一步分析表明,３试验田Ｎ₂Ｏ释放通量具有相同的季节变化模式,Ｎ₂Ｏ 释放峰受降雨事件的直接影响,Ｎ₂Ｏ通量与降雨量和土壤湿度间有显著的正相关性,而与温度的关系不明显     

4种农药对土壤脱氢酶活性的影响

通过天王星、功夫、久效磷、氧化乐果4种农药对土壤脱氢酶活性的抑制性进行试验,确认了实验条件的影响因素,同时分析了不同农药用量、不同土样用量及不同培养时间对脱氢酶活性的影响。试验结果表明,4种农药在不同情况下对脱氢酶活性均有不同程度的抑制作用,表明了在本地区特有的农业环境条件下,农用化学物质可能会影响和破坏农业生态环境。     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

Fenton氧化法修复石油污染土壤的研究进展

传统的Fenton氧化法（Fe2＋/H2O2）因反应速度过快、需要定期补充Fe2＋、控制pH值≤3等方面的限制而影响到石油烃类污染土壤的修复效果.本文综述了近年来Fenton反应中氧化剂、催化剂的改进及其对土壤中石油污染物的去除效率,揭示了土壤性质、反应条件、污染物结构及非均相催化剂比表面积等因素对去除效率的影响,介绍了超声波前置处理后,Fenton试剂与土壤上解吸的石油污染物接触几率的增加及石油烃类可生物降解性的提高,促进了微生物的后续处理效果,并对该领域的研究趋势进行了展望.     

亳州中药材及产地土壤和地下水中氟化物含量

分析了毫州典型中药材及产地土壤和地下水中氟化物的含量.结果表明,中药材基地表层土壤全氟平均和水溶性氟含量分别在278.4-625.6 mg·kg-1和5.02-16.3 mg·kg-1之间,均值分别为532.8 mg·kg-1和9.88 mg·kg-1.表层土壤全氟平均含量高于全国土壤总氟背景值(478 mg·kg-1...     

The relationships between mercury and selenium in plankton and fish from a tropical food web

Background, aim, and scope  Selenium (Se) has been shown to reduce mercury (Hg) bioavailability and trophic transfer in aquatic ecosystems. The study of methylmercury (MeHg) and Se bioaccumulation by plankton is therefore of great significance in order to obtain a better understanding of the estuarine processes concerning Hg and Se accumulation and biomagnification throughout the food web. In the western South Atlantic, few studies have documented trace element and MeHg in fish tissues. No previous study about trace elements and MeHg in plankton has been conducted concerning tropical marine food webs. Se, Hg, and MeHg were determined in two size classes of plankton, microplankton (70–290 μm) and mesoplankton (≥290 μm), and also in muscle tissues and livers of four fish species of different trophic levels (Mugil liza, a planktivorous fish; Bagre spp., an omnivorous fish; Micropogonias furnieri, a benthic carnivorous fish; and Centropomus undecimalis, a pelagic carnivorous fish) from a polluted estuary in the Brazilian Southeast coast, Guanabara Bay. Biological and ecological factors such as body length, feeding habits, and trophic transfer were considered in order to outline the relationships between these two elements. The differences in trace element levels among the different trophic levels were investigated. Materials and methods  Fish were collected from July 2004 to August 2005 at Guanabara Bay. Plankton was collected from six locations within the bay in August 2005. Total mercury (THg) was determined by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) with sodium borohydride as a reducing agent. MeHg analysis was conducted by digesting samples with an alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution followed by dithizone-toluene extraction. MeHg was then identified and quantified in the toluene layer by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Se was determined by AAS using graphite tube with Pin platform and Zeeman background correction. Results and discussion  Total mercury, MeHg, and Se increased with plankton size class. THg and Se values were below 2.0 and 4.8 μg g⁻¹ dry wt in microplankton and mesoplankton, respectively. A large excess of molar concentrations of Se in relation to THg was observed in both plankton size class and both fish tissues. Plankton presented the lowest concentrations of this element. In fish, the liver showed the highest THg and Se concentrations. THg and Se in muscle were higher in Centropomus undecimalis (3.4 and 25.5 nmol g⁻¹) than in Micropogonias furnieri (2.9 and 15.3 nmol g⁻¹), Bagre spp (1.3 and 3.4 nmol g⁻¹) and Mugil liza (0.3 and 5.1 nmol g⁻¹), respectively. The trophic transfer of THg and Se was observed between trophic levels from prey (considering microplankton and mesoplankton) to top predator (fish). The top predators in this ecosystem, Centropomus undecimalis and Micropogonias furnieri, presented similar MeHg concentrations in muscles and liver. Microplankton presented lower ratios of methylmercury to total mercury concentration (MeHg/THg) (34%) than those found in mesoplankton (69%) and in the muscle of planktivorous fish, Mugil liza (56%). The other fish species presented similar MeHg/THg in muscle tissue (of around 100%). M. liza showed lower MeHg/THg in the liver than C. undecimalis (35%), M. furnieri (31%) and Bagre spp. (22%). Significant positive linear relationships were observed between the molar concentrations of THg and Se in the muscle tissue of M. furnieri and M. liza. These fish species also showed significant inverse linear relationships between hepatic MeHg and Se, suggesting a strong antagonistic effect of Se on MeHg assimilation and accumulation. Conclusions  Differences found among the concentrations THg, MeHg, and Se in microplankton, mesozooplankton, and fishes were probably related to the preferred prey and bioavailability of these elements in the marine environment. The increasing concentration of MeHg and Se at successively higher trophic levels of the food web of Guanabara Bay corresponds to a transfer between trophic levels from the lower trophic level to the top-level predator, suggesting that MeHg and Se were biomagnified throughout the food web. Hg and Se were positively correlated with the fish standard length, suggesting that larger and older fish bioaccumulated more of these trace elements. THg, MeHg, and Se were a function of the plankton size. Recommendations and perspectives  There is a need to assess the role of selenium in mercury accumulation in tropical ecosystems. Without further studies of the speciation of selenium in livers of fishes from this region, the precise role of this element, if any, cannot be verified in positively affecting mercury accumulation. Further studies of this element in the study of marine species should include liver samples containing relatively high concentrations of mercury. A basin-wide survey of selenium in fishes is also recommended.     

A meta-analysis of heavy metals pollution in farmland and urban soils in China over the past 20 years

A total of 713 research papers about field monitor experiments of heavy metals in farmland and urban soils in China, published from 2000 to 2019, were obtained. A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the level of China's heavy metal pollution in soils, mainly focusing on eight heavy metals. It was found that the average concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As) in China were 0.19, 30.74, 85.86, 25.81, 0.074, 67.37, 27.77 and 8.89 mg/kg, respectively. Compared with the background value (0.097 mg/kg), the Cd content showed a twofold (0.19 mg/kg) rise in farmland soils and a threefold (0.29 mg/kg) rise in urban soils. The decreasing order of the mean I_geo was Cd (1.77) > Pb (0.62) > Zn (0.60) > Cu (0.58) > Hg (0.57) > Cr (0.54) > Ni (0.47) > As (0.28). Nearly 33.54% and 44.65% of sites in farmland and urban soils were polluted with Cd. The average concentrations of eight heavy metals were not sensitive change in recent two decades in farmland and urban soils. The average P_n values for urban (2.52) and farmland (2.15) soils showed that heavy metal pollution in urban soils was more serious than that in farmland, and the middle Yangtze River regions, where industrial activity dominates, were the most polluted. The meta-analysis comprehensively evaluated the current pollution situation of soil heavy metal, and provided important basis for soil management and environment prevention in China.