膜生物反应器中膜污染研究进展

膜生物反应器是近年新发展起来的高效废水处理工艺。本文综述了国内外对膜污染机理研究的最新成果 ,介绍了相应的解决措施 ,展望了今后的发展前景。     

膜生物反应器处理生活污水无泡供氧的研究

用疏水性微孔膜制成的供氧器，向水溶液或发酵液供氧时，无气泡产生，这种无泡式供氧方式突破了传统的泡式供氧模式，具有传氧效率高，无泡沫产生和动力消耗低等优点。在膜生物反应器中用无泡式供氧进行生活污水处理试验研究。结果表明，COD，BOD5、NH3－N、浊度去除率分别达95％、94％和99％，对SS和大肠杆菌去除率达100％。     

基质比对厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能的影响

采用厌氧氨氧化反应器(ASBR)处理模拟生活污水,在温度为30℃时,控制进水NO_2~--N浓度为(30.0±0.2)mg·L~(-1),pH为(7.2±0.2),考察了NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N分别为0.9、1.1、1.3、1.4、1.5和1.6时,对厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)脱氮效果的影响.结果表明,当NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N为1.4时,出水NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N及TN的浓度分别为0.8、1.5和7.7 mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N及TN的去除率分别高达96.2%、95.4%和85.3%,此时脱氮性能最好,与发生厌氧氨氧化时NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N理论值1.32比较接近.     

聚丙烯酰胺降解菌株的分离及其油田含聚污水生物强化处理研究

应用厌氧Hungate技术,从大庆油田分离到一株聚丙烯酰胺降解菌株,菌株与Clostridium bifermentans(AY781385)相似性为99%,命名为Clostridium bifermentans H5。菌株能以聚丙烯酰胺为唯一碳源,静态试验表明,在附加乳酸钠和硫酸钠的条件下,聚合物去除率为52.5%;首次采用纯菌培养的厌氧污泥作为底物,水解酸化试验表明,乳酸钠作为碳源要好于砂糖,聚合物去除率为50.89%左右,砂糖为碳源聚合物去除率为43.55%左右;初步试验表明,应用高效降解菌株和水解酸化工艺处理含聚污水具有可行性。     

Biological pretreatment of Yellow River water

Bio-ceramic filter(BF) and moving-bed biofilm reactor(MBBR) were used for biological pretreatment of Yellow River water in this study. The BF only had slight advantage over MBBR for TOC and ammonia removal. However, like UV254, the average removal rate of THMFP in the BF was much higher than that in the MBBR. UV254 removal did not show obvious correlation with trihalomethane formation potential(THMFP) removal. Hexachlorocyclohexane could be effectively removed in both BF and MBBR. As for diatom and cyanobateria removal the MBBR had better performance than the BF, which was contrary to the average chlorophyll-a(Chl-a) removal rate. The proposal was made in this study that biological flocculation and sedimentation of sloughed biofilm should play a more important role on algae removal in the MBBR than in the BF. The BF and MBBR could effectively remove microcystins. Moreover, MBBR could be a promising technology for biological pretreatment.     

Fulvic acid removal by nanoparticle TiO2 using a submerged membrane photocatalysis reactor

The degradation of fulvic acid（FA） by nanoparticle TiO2 in a submerged membrane photocatalysis（SMPC） reactor was studied. In this reactor, photocatalytic oxidation and membrane separation co-occured. The continuous air supplier provided O2 for the photocatalytical reaction and mixed the solution through an airflow controller. The particle TiO2 could automatically settle due to gravity without particle agglomeration so it could be easily separated by microfiltration（MF） membrane. It was efficient to maintain high flux of membranes. The effects of operational parameters on the photocatalytic oxidation rate of FA were investigated. Results indicated that photocatalyst at 0.5 g/L and airflow at 0.06 m^3/h were the optimum condition for the removal of fulvic acid, the removal efficiency was higher in acid media than that in alkaline media. The effects of different filtration duration on permeate flux rate of MF with P25 powder and with nanoparticle TiO2 were compared. Experimental results indicated that the permeate flux rate of MF was improved and the membrane fouling phenomenon was reduced with the addition of nanoparticle TiO2 catalyst compared with conventional P25 powder. Therefore, this submerged membrane photocatalysis reactor can faciliate potential application of photocatalytic oxidation process in drinking water treatment.     

膜生物反应器膜污染的水力学控制实验研究

叙述了膜污染是影响膜-生物反应器处理技术推广应用的关键因素，采用水动力学方法是控制膜污染的有效方法。在不同污泥浓度条件下。对不同曝气强度下膜污染的发展速率及其形成机理进行了试验研究，研究结果表明：对应于不同污泥浓度均存在一个经济曝气强度，其大小随污泥浓度升高呈线性增加，膜生物反应器在经济曝气强度条件下运行可控制膜污染的发展；并从理论上推导出一个临界污泥浓度，其值为5．15g／L。对应于临界污泥浓度，并且污泥絮体在膜面可形成比较稳定的动态膜，膜过滤压差上升的速率最慢，膜生物反应器在此临界污泥浓度条件下运行膜污染发展最为缓慢。     

HCR／气浮／SBR工艺处理制浆造纸废水

制浆废水先经HCR工艺处理，造纸废水先经气浮处理，然后，2种废水混合一起进入SBR反应器进一步进行生化处理，最终出水实现达标排放。采取有效措施控制了生化处理系统中的污泥膨胀现象。     

无排泥条件下HRT对膜生物反应器硝化性能的影响及其生物群落结构分析

以无机氨氮废水(NH+4 N,500mg·L-1)为处理对象,在不排泥条件下逐渐缩短膜生物反应器的水力停留时间(HRT,30h～5h),连续运行260d.在反应器内的氨氮容积负荷和污泥负荷分别为1 2kg·(d·L)-1和2 13kg·kg-1·d-1时,氨氮去除率达98 2%以上.当HRT减少至7h时开始出现NH+4 N和NO-2 N的积累.尽管反应器内MLSS随着运行时间的延长在逐步上升,氨氧化菌(AOB)和亚硝酸氧化菌(NOB)的数量分别从HRT10h和15h起开始下降.16SrDNA聚合酶链式反应结合变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR DGGE)的分析发现反应器内生物多样性随着运行时间的延长而增加,测序结果表明进行氨氧化作用的主要是亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonassp.),进行亚硝酸氧化的主要是硝化螺菌属(Nitrospirasp.).尽管反应器只进行无机氨氮配水,仍存在大量的异养菌,估计其生长是以胞外分泌产物和细胞裂解产物为基质.