Contamination and emission factors of PCDD/Fs, unintentional PCBs, HxCBz, PeCBz and polychlorophenols in chloranil in China

The production of chloranil is regarded as a potentially significant source of unintentional POPs. This research aimed to identify the contamination levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HxCBz), pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz) and polychlorophenols in chloranil samples and identify the formation pathways. The toxicity equivalent (TEQ) values for PCDD/Fs in the chloranil samples ranged from 163 to 1 540 200 pg I-TEQ g⁻¹, while the PCB TEQ values ranged from 1.9 to 3.3 pg WHO-TEQ g⁻¹. High levels of HxCBz, PeCBz and polychlorophenols were also detected in the chloranil samples. The average emission factors were 522.2 mg I-TEQ t⁻¹ (PCDD/Fs), 0.0026 mg WHO-TEQ t⁻¹ (PCBs), 32.6 mg t⁻¹ (HxCBz), and 136.6 mg t⁻¹ (PeCBz). The PCDD/Fs and PCBs are thought to be formed from the polychlorophenols and polychlorobenzenes generated during the chloranil production process. Purification of the chloranil products can reduce the unintentional POPs releases and protect the environment.     

油田采出水处理系统用药剂进展

介绍了油田采出水回注处理包括水质净化和水质稳定两方面。通过应用分析得出最佳药剂投加顺序依次为阻垢剂、杀菌剂、缓蚀剂。指出新型药剂和绿色药剂研究的侧重点,提出开发无毒、无害的绿色工业水处理药剂是重要发展方向。     

Effects of hydrodynamics on the distribution of trace persistent organic pollutants and macrobenthic communities in Bohai Bay

In recent years, the rapid economic development along Bohai Bay, has brought out continuous increasing of the pollution loads in the Bohai Sea, especially by the large coastal reclamation project, Tianjin Binhai New Area. In the period of 2007-2009, we collected the sediments of the main rivers, estuaries, intertidal zone, and near-shore area of Bohai Bay, and Macrobenthos associated with the marine sediments to assess the influence of hydrodynamics in the coastal environment on the pattern of trace contaminants and the macrobenthic community. Based on data derived from these samples, the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediments followed the order PAHs > OCPs > PCBs > PBDEs. The higher concentrations of PCBs, OCPs, PAHs and PBDEs were found in the estuarine and near-shore environment of the Dagu Drainage River. The spatial distribution of OCPs was different to that of PCBs due to the direction of the velocity field of Bohai Bay in its old and new topography, and the higher water-solubility of OCPs than that of PCBs. The results of the Pearson correlation and the PCA indicate that the medium diameter (MD) of sediments was the predominant factor influencing the distribution of PCBs and OCPs, most sampling sites were characterized mainly by TOC of sediments and biomass of macrobenthos. The results indicate that the distribution of trace contaminants and macrobenthic community in Bohai Bay are mainly affected by the hydrodynamic conditions.     

Water Quality Changes as a Result of Coalbed Methane Development in a Rocky mountain Watershed1

Abstract: Coalbed methane (CBM) development raises serious environmental concerns. In response, concerted efforts have been made to collect chemistry, salinity, and sodicity data on CBM produced water. However, little information on changes of stream water quality resulting from directly and/or indirectly received CBM produced water is available in the literature. The objective of this study was to examine changes instream water quality, particularly sodicity and salinity, due to CBM development in the Powder River watershed, which is located in the Rocky Mountain Region and traverses the states of Wyoming and Montana. To this end, a retrospective analysis of water quality trends and patterns was conducted using data collected from as early as 1946 up to and including 2002 at four U.S. Geological Survey gauging stations along the Powder River. Trend analysis was conducted using linear regression and Seasonal Kendall tests, whereas, Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons was used to detect changes in the spatial pattern. The results indicated that the CBM development adversely affected the water quality in the Powder River. First, the development elevated the stream sodicity, as indicated by a significant increase trend of the sodium adsorption ratio. Second, the development tended to shrink the water quality differences among the three downstream stations but to widen the differences between these stations and the farthest upstream station. In contrast, the development had only a minor influence on stream salinity, as indicated by that the stream electrical conductivity exhibited either no trend or a marginally significant positive trend. Hence, the CBM development is likely an important factor that can be managed to lower the stream sodicity. The management may need to take into account that the effects of the CBM development were different from one location to another along the Powder River.     

油田采出水处理技术进展

采油污水经处理后资源化利用,成为节省水资源、减少环境污染的一个重要途径.综合评述了油田采出水的特性、处理方式、处理技术及其工艺,并对各处理技术进行比较和分析评价.采出水处理得好坏直接关系到自然生态环境,人类健康和经济持续发展,社会各界对采出水的处理极为关注,它是一项难度极大的技术课题.     

油田采出水过滤进水中不同粒径悬浮物的质量分布

采用已知孔径的微孔过滤器,对油田采出水的过滤进水进行了筛分,分析了悬浮物的质量浓度,并同步测定了颗粒体积浓度和几何特征值。除了D[v,0.5]具有指标性意义外,粒度分析结果并不能完全代表过滤等工艺的分离精度。悬浮物几何特征值、体积浓度和质量含量降低率不是同步的,其中质量浓度降低幅度最小。当粒径小于4μm的悬浮物质含量超过3mg/L时,难以被目前普遍采用的过滤工艺去除。应选择与膜过滤类似的更精密的工艺技术,才能最终达到采出水回用标准。     

油田采出水处理技术探讨

对油田采出水进行处理以净化水质,达到各种目的所要求的水质标准,可采用污水回注的处理工艺,污水作为热采锅炉给水处理工艺,污水外排处理工艺。由于不同的水质要求,具体选择最佳的水处理工艺,达到净化水质保护环境的目的。     

广东电子废物处理处置地区环境介质污染研究进展

广东省汕头市贵屿镇和清远市龙塘镇和石角镇是我国电子废物处理处置(EWT)典型地区,国内外学者对这些地区EWT活动造成的环境介质污染给予了相当的关注,尤其是近两、三年来开展了比较多的调查和研究.论文对相关调查研究的主要发现进行了系统的综述,内容包括广东EWT活动的主要特征、EWT活动可能释放的主要污染物、EWT活动产生的有机污染(多溴联苯醚、多氯联苯、多环芳烃和二噁英)、重金属污染(Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cd、Cr)以及复合污染特征等,并讨论了未来的研究方向.     

应用EQC模型评估灭蚁灵和十氯酮的环境归趋

应用EQC模型评估了灭蚁灵和十氯酮在多介质环境中的行为和归趋. 结果表明,在稳定平衡状态下,灭蚁灵和十氯酮在土壤相中的残留率分别达95.6%和94.5%;在稳定非平衡状态下,灭蚁灵除直接排放到大气相、十氯酮除直接排放到水体相中外,还分别约有38%残留在排放相外,它们在大气相和水体相中的浓度水平和质量分布均很低,在沉积物相中则来自于水体相向沉积物相的沉降. 灭蚁灵主要通过大气相的水平迁移以及大气相和土壤相中的化学反应降解输出;十氯酮则主要通过水体相的水平迁移和土壤相的厌氧反应降解输出. 灭蚁灵的主要界面迁移过程是水体相向沉积物相的沉降,其次是沉积物相向水体相的扩散;十氯酮则是大气相向土壤相的迁移,其次是水体相向沉积物相的沉降和大气相向水体相的迁移.      

某油田采出水用杀菌剂急性毒性研究与职业病防护建议

目的:对某油田采出水用杀菌剂毒性进行评价,为员工安全操作及职业病防护提供依据。方法:采用动物试验方法,对某油田采出水用杀菌剂进行急性毒性实验研究。结果:该油田采出水用杀菌剂对SD大鼠的急性经口半数致死剂量(LD 50)为3160 mg/(kg·bw),属实际无毒级;对普通级成年新西兰白兔皮肤为中等刺激性,对眼睛为严重眼损伤/对眼造成不可逆影响;对普通级白化豚鼠皮肤为低致敏性。结论:该油田采出水用杀菌剂对皮肤、眼睛可能存在较大损伤,作业人员进行相关作业时应做好防护。