井冈山森林碳储量与LAI和材积的相关性

建立林木生物量模型是估算森林生物量的重要方法之一,叶面积指数（Leaf Area Index,简称LAI）和材积与林木密切相关,是否可通过建立森林生物量与LAI或材积的相关模型来估算森林生物量,进而估算森林碳储量,值得探索。以井冈山自然保护区两种典型森林类型（常绿阔叶林和人工杉木林）为研究对象,分乔木层、植被层和总体（植被层＋土壤层）3部分分别计算碳密度,并对它们与叶面积指数LAI和材积之间的相关性进行分析。结果表明：常绿阔叶林总体碳密度为38．915kg／m^2,高于人工杉木林的27．460kg／m^2;两种森林类型乔木层和植被层碳密度与材积具有很好的相关性（R^2〉0．97）,在与LAI的相关性分析中,人工杉木林乔木层和植被层碳密度与LAI相关系数达到0．7以上,相关关系显著,而常绿阔叶林各层碳密度与LAI的相关性不明显;在森林总体碳密度与LAI和材积的相关性分析中发现,只有常绿阔叶林总体碳密度与材积的R^2为0．7116,达到显著水平,其它相关性水平均不显著。因此,利用材积与生物量和碳储量的相关关系来推算井冈山森林生物量和碳储量的方法是可行的,通过叶面积指数来推算森林生物量和碳储量的方法还有待进一步研究探讨。     

Evaluating repeated patient handling injuries following the implementation of a multi-factor ergonomic intervention program among health care workers

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate repeated patient handling injuries following a multi-factor ergonomic intervention program among health care workers.

Methods

This was a quasi-experimental study which had an intervention group and a non-randomized control group. Data were collected from six hospitals in Saskatchewan, Canada from September 1, 2001 to December 1, 2006.

Results

A total of 1,480 individuals who had a previous injury were eligible for the study. Medium and small size hospitals in the intervention group had significantly fewer repeated injuries than in the control group. Multivariate analysis showed that the intervention group had 38.1% lower odds of having repeated injury compared to the control group, after adjusting for hospital size.

Conclusions

The work-related repeated injury after a multi-factor intervention program was reduced. The synergistic relationships between components of multi-factor intervention and applicability of injury prevention programs to different settings need to be further explored.

Impact on Industry

Implementing a multi-factor program with the right equipment and training can lower the risk of injury among health care workers.     

Development of an indirect-cost calculation model suitable for workplace use

Introduction: Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) stakeholders rarely factor the cost of workplace accidents into prevention spending decisions. The lack of consideration of this key information is related to the fact that the scientific literature has failed to provide OHS stakeholders with a cost-calculation tool that is both sufficiently accurate and does not require a data-collection stage ill-suited to the time constraints of workplace decision-makers. Method: This study reviews the recent literature to identify key elements that should foster the use of indirect-cost calculation methods by decision makers. Results: A “local” approach currently appears to be the best method for calculating indirect costs of workplace incidents or accidents in comparison to “bottom-up” or “top-down” approach. This paper discusses four criteria that this type of approach must satisfy to be compatible with the time constraints and accuracy demands of OHS stakeholders in organizations. In addition, four bases for the development of a new indirect cost estimation model are presented and discussed. Impact on industry: this study provides bases and criteria to help the development of indirect-cost calculation models better suited to workplace use than those currently available.     

汽车用钢板弹簧失效分析

目的 研究汽车用钢板弹簧断裂失效原因.方法 通过宏观分析、金相检验、力学性能分析、材质分析、断口电镜扫描及能谱分析等测试手段,对汽车用钢板弹簧的断裂失效原因进行分析.结果 汽车用钢板弹簧的失效模式为疲劳裂纹源于表面腐蚀坑处的高周腐蚀疲劳断裂.首先,板簧表面存在异常磨损,导致防护漆层局部脱落,裸露的金属基体在腐蚀环境下出现表面腐蚀坑,外界拉应力作用及腐蚀坑底部应力集中叠加导致早期疲劳裂纹在腐蚀坑底部萌生并扩展.其次,板簧表面存在脱碳现象,导致板簧表面硬度及强度降低,表面耐腐蚀性能下降,为早期疲劳裂纹的萌生创造了条件.结论 控制热处理质量,避免表面脱碳;做好定期维护保养,在簧片间加石墨润滑剂,防止长时间干磨或挤压碰撞导致漆层早期脱落;及时清理附着的泥水,减小腐蚀几率;对存在隐患的在用板簧及时更换.     

Species diversity and leaf functional traits of understory vegetation one year after severe burning北大核心CSCD

以北京油松(Pinus tabuliformis)人工林为研究对象,采用独立样本T检验、冗余分析等方法,分析重度火烧1年后林下植被(灌木层和草本层)的物种多样性、叶功能性状及其与土壤因子的关系.结果显示:(1)与对照样地相比,重度火烧后灌木层物种丰富度指数极显著降低(P <0.01),但Shannon指数、Simpson指数以及Pielou指数虽呈下降趋势但未达显著水平(P> 0.05);草本层除Pielou指数外,各物种多样性指数均显著增加(P <0.05).(2)重度火烧样地灌木层和草本层的叶厚度(LT)、叶干物质含量(LDMC)、叶碳含量(LCC)、叶磷含量(LPC)均高于对照样地,而比叶面积(SLA)、叶氮含量(LNC)、叶片氮磷比(N:P)、叶绿素含量(CHL)低于对照样地,除灌木层LPC和N:P及草本层SLA、LCC和LPC外,其他各叶功能性状在火烧与对照间差异均达显著水平.对于不同生活型而言,对照样地的LDMC、LNC、LCC、CHL存在显著差异,而在重度火烧后差异不显著;LT、SLA在重度火烧和对照样地上均呈现显著差异;而LPC、N:P在重度火烧与对照样地上均无显著差异.(3)重度火烧后1年,灌木层和草本层的叶功能性状均仅与土壤含水率、容重和非毛管孔隙度密切相关.本研究表明在油松人工林重度火烧后1年,灌木层物种多样性降低,而草本层物种多样性增加,灌草层的各叶功能性状主要受土壤物理性质的影响呈现不同的变化规律.(图4参45)     

Handedness, Hand Roles, and Hand Injuries at Work

Hand injuries form a significant proportion of all workplace injuries. They are costly to treat, and lead to significant loss of time at work. This paper has two parts. First, there is a review of the literature that discusses prevalence of hand injury, and the significance of hand roles and handedness in industrial injuries. The second part represents an initial attempt to document the roles of the two hands in a particular industry, the metal manufacturing industry. The purpose of this survey of 30 different work stations in seven different industrial plants was to see whether there is a significant bias in terms of movement requirements for one or the other hand, leading to a possible differential risk of injury for the left and right hands. Overall, there was no clear bias favoring the right hand in activities assigned to the hands in seven different movement categories (MTM). However, the location of emergency controls favored the right hand unequivocally. The implications of biases favoring the left/right hand for safety of machine operation are discussed in the light of current findings on left/right hand performance in right- and lefthanders.     

水杨酸对梨叶感染轮纹菌后脂肪酸、叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿体超微结构的影响

用0.3 mmol L-1水杨酸预先处理梨叶片,3 d后接种轮纹病菌(Physalospora Piricola Nose),接种3 d后开始测定各种指标,随后每隔3 d测定1次,共5次.结果表明,经SA处理的梨叶片,感染轮纹病菌后不饱和脂肪酸含量(UFA)、不饱和脂肪酸指数(IUFA)、叶绿素含量、原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、光合电子传递量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)比未经SA处理的相应提高;非光化学猝灭系数(qN)比未经SA处理的相应下降.电镜观察表明,部分叶绿体膨大,变形;基粒片层弯曲、散开;淀粉粒数量减少;经SA处理后,症状减轻.图3表1参20     

南亚热带丘陵土壤水分循环及其有效性的研究──Ⅵ.丘陵赤红壤-果树-大气连续体中能量的变化及其分布规律

依据田间实测资料,分析了南亚热带丘陵赤红壤-果树-大气连续体中的能量变化及其分布规律、结果表明,土壤基质势的年度变化特征说明南亚热带丘陵赤红壤存在明显的湿季和旱季．果树叶水势随土壤基质势、大气水势、气温及大气相对湿度的变化而变化,荔枝、龙眼叶水势的变化比芒果叶水势的变化大.以荔枝、芒果和龙眼作为供试植物,水分从土壤到达植物根表皮、进入根系并通过植物茎到达叶片,其能量降低分别约为0．9063～1.7428、0．2818～0．6979和0．2904～1．8707MPa;水分从叶部汽化扩散到大气中,其能量降低分别达15．1491～57．3669、15．4491～58．4036和14．5824～56．9536MPa,说明水流在南亚热带丘陵赤红壤-果树-大气连续体中运移时,其能量主要消耗在由叶部到大气这一环节上。     

MODIS植被叶面积指数对贵州高原山地气象条件的响应

用EOS/MODIS卫星遥感分辨率为1 km的贵州2001—2008年每8 d合成植被叶面积指数（LAI）,分析了LAI的时间变化规律和年、季空间分布特征;还用贵州69个气象站的日观测数据,分别与各气象点所对应的3×3个像元LAI平均值进行气象要素（温度、降水、日照时数和水汽压）与LAI的相关分析。结果表明：该地区LAI年变化为0.3~3.0,多年平均LAI的空间分布是东南部最高（4.0）,西部和西南部最低（1.0）。显著影响LAI变化的气象因子按相关系数的大小排列是：温度、水汽压、日照时数和降水（均通过了99.9%信度检验）。水汽压对LAI产生影响的原因可能与高原喀斯特地区土壤层较薄有关。在考虑云贵高原植被年际间变化对气候变化的响应时可以把这些要素作为重要的影响因子。     

湖南烟区烤烟锌含量与土壤有效锌的分布特点及关系分析

采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了湖南烟区烤烟锌含量与土壤有效锌含量的分布特点及关系。结果表明,(1)湖南烟叶锌含量总体适宜,平均为(36.30±14.05)mg·kg-1,变幅为10.50~100.50mg·kg-1;调查区域内有92.58%的烟叶样本锌含量落在20.00~80.00mg·kg-1区间内;不同等级烟叶锌含量的规律是:B2F>C3F>X2F。(2)湖南植烟土壤有效锌含量适中,平均为(2.27±3.74)mg·kg-1,变幅为0.13~62.59mg·kg-1,变异系数高达155.09%;有22.41%的土壤样本在不同程度上缺锌(≤1.00mg·kg-1),有7.36%的样本的有效锌含量超过4.00mg·kg-1,满足优质烟生长的土壤样本达到70.23%;不同土壤类型有效锌含量的变化规律是:鸭屎泥>黄泥田>黄灰土>黄壤土。(3)烟叶锌含量与土壤有效锌含量呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.312;与土壤有效铜、有效铁和有效硫均呈极显著正相关,与土壤pH值、有效钾和水溶性氯均呈显著负相关。(4)在土壤有效锌含量分组后,不同等级烟叶锌含量均随着土壤有效锌含量的增加,而呈现先增加后下降的趋势,且各等级烟叶锌含量在组间差异达到5%的显著水平。