水质生物毒性在线监测技术研究进展

从生物分子、细胞、个体、种群和群落水平,系统介绍了国内外研发的水质毒性在线监测技术,归纳分析了各种技术的特点及应用,并提出了其发展前景与趋势。     

复杂河流系统水污染的计算机图形模拟

讨论在河流系统水污染规划中应用交互式计算机图形技术。通过对复杂河流系统水污染的图形模拟,提出建立图模型的一般理论和方法,并就浑太流域河流水污染案例给出实际模拟结果。     

用国际可持续发展研究的新成果和通用语言解读生态文明

本文用国际可持续发展研究的新成果和国际通用语言解读生态文明,从理论、战略、治理三个方面进行探索性的讨论,提出深化生态文明的思考和建言。首先,从对象、过程、主体三个维度概述最近十年国际可持续发展研究的重要新成果新思想,指出其对理解和深化生态文明可能有的启示。其次,基于生态文明是经济社会发展与资源环境消耗脱钩的新认识,对中国未来从2020到2050年生态文明建设的情景、路径与策略做出战略层面的分析与研讨。最后,提出后2020五年规划编制中加强面向生态文明的合作治理的建议,包括深耕包含模型、加强政府间的合作和整合、加强公私间的界面管理、鼓励公民参与和培育生态文明的新伦理新人格等。     

测试管法现场测定水中硫化物

研制了1种简便、快速，适用于现场监测水中硫化物的测试管。在酸性和有Fe^3 条件下，硫化物与对氨基二甲基苯胺反应生成亚甲蓝，颜色的深浅与硫化物含量成正比，通过与标准色阶对照得出水样中硫化物的含量。进行了测试管稳定性和标准色标稳定性试验，结果表明，在常温下测试管有效期为2a，标准色阶可使用5a。作了测试管法与分光光度法的对比测定，表明两种方法测定结果基本相同，相对误差在10％以内，满足了现场监测需要。     

Water sharing agreements sustainable to reduced flows

By signing a water sharing agreement (WSA), countries agree to release an amount of river water in exchange for a negotiated compensation. We examine the vulnerability of such agreements to reduced water flows. Among all WSAs that are acceptable to riparian countries, we find out the one which is self-enforced under the most severe drought scenarios. The so-called upstream incremental WSA assigns to each country its marginal contribution to its followers in the river. Its mirror image, the downstream incremental WSA, is not sustainable to reduced flow at the source. Self-enforcement problems can be solved by setting water releases and compensations contingent to water flow. We apply our analysis to the Aral Sea Basin. We compute the upstream incremental compensations for the Bishkek agreement and asses its vulnerability with historical flows.     

土壤渗滤处理系统运行控制的模拟研究

通过建立地下水数学模型,回答了土壤渗滤工程运行控制中的两个难点问题:(1)工程运行水力负荷.当工程地块周边存在河流时,河流水位低时,有助于增加水力负荷,反之则降低水力负荷;实际土壤运行面积的增加和独立运行单元之间的间距增加也能够增加工程运行水力负荷.(2)地下水水质监测井的优化布设.模拟工程运行后地下水水质空间分布特征,在地下水水质最不利的位置和其他特别关注的位置布置监测井,从而能够以具有典型代表性且数目较少的监测井达到准确评估工程对地下水水质影响的目的.     

原料含水率及成型直径对秸秆成型燃料耐久性的影响

原料含水率及成型直径对秸秆成型燃料耐久性具有重要影响,通过试验发现含水率对秸秆固化成型(SDBF)技术的抗渗水性影响很显著,原料含水率10%～15%(质量分数,下同)范围内得到的SDBF渗水分解超过4 h;原料含水率也显著影响SDBF的抗跌碎性,含水率不大于15%的SDBF失重率一般不超过5%,能满足规模化技术的应用.对于HPB-成型机生产的SDBF,成型直径大的SDBF抗渗水性时间较长,随着成型直径减小抗渗水性时间减少,抗渗水性能降低.     

Integrated Risk Framework for Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems

Onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) are becoming increasingly important for the treatment and dispersal of effluent in new urbanised developments that are not serviced by centralised wastewater collection and treatment systems. However, the current standards and guidelines adopted by many local authorities for assessing suitable site and soil conditions for OWTS are increasingly coming under scrutiny due to the public health and environmental impacts caused by poorly performing systems, in particular septic tank-soil adsorption systems. In order to achieve sustainable onsite wastewater treatment with minimal impacts on the environment and public health, more appropriate means of assessment are required. This paper highlights an integrated risk based approach for assessing the inherent hazards associated with OWTS in order to manage and mitigate the environmental and public health risks inherent with onsite wastewater treatment. In developing a sound and cohesive integrated risk framework for OWTS, several key issues must be recognised. These include the inclusion of relevant stakeholders throughout framework development, the integration of scientific knowledge, data and analysis with risk assessment and management ideals, and identification of the appropriate performance goals for successful management and mitigation of associated risks. These issues were addressed in the development of the risk framework to provide a generic approach to assessing risk from OWTS. The utilisation of the developed risk framework for achieving more appropriate assessment and management techniques for OWTS is presented in a case study for the Gold Coast region, Queensland State, Australia.     

Discovering meaningful information from large amounts of environment and health data to reduce uncertainties in formulating environmental policies

This study uses knowledge discovery concepts to analyze large amounts of data step by step for the purpose of assisting in the formulation of environmental policy. We performed data cleansing and extracting from existing nation-wide databases, and used regression and classification techniques to analyze the data. The current water hardness in Kaohsiung, Taiwan contributes to the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) but exacerbates the development of renal stones (RS). However, to focus on water hardness alone to control RS would not be cost effective at all, because the existing database parameters do not adequately allow for a clear understanding of RS. Analysis of huge amounts of data can most often turn up the most reliable and convincing results and the use of existing databases can be cost-effective.     

固相萃取-UPLC-MS/MS法测定环境水体中多种抗生素

采用固相萃取-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定环境水样中25种磺胺类和喹诺酮类抗生素,通过优化试验条件,使方法在2.00μg/L～200μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为1.01ng/L～2.85ng/L,7次测定结果的RSD为2.3%～8.0%。将该方法用于自来水和地表水测定,结果均为未检出,高、低质量浓度水平的加标回收率为61.2%～102%。