Importance of Riparian Forests in Urban Catchments Contingent on Sediment and Hydrologic Regimes

Forested riparian corridors are thought to minimize impacts of landscape disturbance on stream ecosystems; yet, the effectiveness of streamside forests in mitigating disturbance in urbanizing catchments is unknown. We expected that riparian forests would provide minimal benefits for fish assemblages in streams that are highly impaired by sediment or hydrologic alteration. We tested this hypothesis in 30 small streams along a gradient of urban disturbance (1–65% urban land cover). Species expected to be sensitive to disturbance (i.e., fluvial specialists and “sensitive” species that respond negatively to urbanization) were best predicted by models including percent forest cover in the riparian corridor and a principal components axis describing sediment disturbance. Only sites with coarse bed sediment and low bed mobility (vs. sites with high amounts of fine sediment) had increased richness and abundances of sensitive species with higher percent riparian forests, supporting our hypothesis that response to riparian forests is contingent on the sediment regime. Abundances of Etheostoma scotti, the federally threatened Cherokee darter, were best predicted by models with single variables representing stormflow (r² = 0.34) and sediment (r² = 0.23) conditions. Lentic-tolerant species richness and abundance responded only to a variable representing prolonged duration of low-flow conditions. For these species, hydrologic alteration overwhelmed any influence of riparian forests on stream biota. These results suggest that, at a minimum, catchment management strategies must simultaneously address hydrologic, sediment, and riparian disturbance in order to protect all aspects of fish assemblage integrity.     

Effects of Habitat Disturbance from Residential Development on Breeding Bird Communities in Riparian Corridors

This study assessed the relationship among land use, riparian vegetation, and avian populations at two spatial scales. Our objective was to compare the vegetated habitat in riparian corridors with breeding bird guilds in eight Rhode Island subwatersheds along a range of increasing residential land use. Riparian habitats were characterized with fine-scale techniques (used field transects to measure riparian vegetation structure and plant species richness) at the reach spatial scale, and with coarse-scale landscape techniques (a Geographic Information System to document land-cover attributes) at the subwatershed scale. Bird surveys were conducted in the riparian zone, and the observed bird species were separated into guilds based on tolerance to human disturbance, habitat preference, foraging type, and diet preference. Bird guilds were correlated with riparian vegetation metrics, percent impervious surface, and percent residential land use, revealing patterns of breeding bird distribution. The number of intolerant species predominated below 12% residential development and 3% impervious surface, whereas tolerant species predominated above these levels. Habitat guilds of edge, forest, and wetland bird species correlated with riparian vegetation. This study showed that the application of avian guilds at both stream reach and subwatershed scales offers a comprehensive assessment of effects from disturbed habitat, but that the subwatershed scale is a more efficient method of evaluation for environmental management.     

流域水环境污染物总量控制技术及运用分析

本文首先阐述了TMDL在污染物总量控制中的应用,然后结合特点和存在的不足之处,对我国总量控制技术的实施现状进行了剖析,最后明确提出了水环境污染物总量控制技术实施体系的构建措施,旨在将流域水环境的污染物排放控制在合理范围内,确保良好的控制效果,最大程度地满足环境质量标准。所以现对流域水环境污染物总量控制技术及运用进行详细论述,希望为相关行业人士提供些许帮助。     

金沙江流域（云南段）典型露天矿区开采条件生态适宜性评价

露天采矿产生的水土流失、次生地质灾害等生态负效应强度受矿山所处的地理环境控制。金沙江流域露天矿区众多,地形复杂,采矿后产生的生态负效应易受脆弱的地理环境放大,因此对流域内露天矿区进行开采条件的生态适宜性评价,对保护环境具有重要意义。采用RS、GIS等空间技术,在ArcGIS环境下建立了金沙江流域（云南段）露天矿区的空间数据库,以其中的10个典型露天矿区为研究对象,在对比分析了这些露天矿区的地理环境后,选取了地貌、海拔、坡度、植被覆盖度、植被类型及流域位置等作为评价指标,对典型露天矿区进行开采条件的生态适宜性评价。评价方法涉及专家打分、灰色关联法等。研究得出流域内10个典型露天矿的空间分布特征及开采条件的生态适宜性。研究成果为流域内露天矿区资源的合理开发利用及生态保护提供一定的科学依据     

基于AnnAGNPS模型的三峡库区小江流域非点源污染负荷评价

运用AnnAGNPS模型对三峡库区小江流域2002～2004年的径流量、输沙量、氮磷负荷量进行模拟估算,并分别采用宝塔窝水文站（控制范围占流域面积的62%）2002～2004年实测数据对径流和泥沙模拟值进行校准和验证,采用小江流域出口2002～2004年实测年均数据对总氮、总磷模拟负荷进行校准和验证,通过敏感性分析确定了影响流域非点源污染负荷输出的主要因子,结果表明模型模拟结果相对可靠,适合于三峡库区流域非点源污染负荷评价。根据模型预测结果,模型对径流输出的模拟精度高于对泥沙和养分的输出模拟,小江流域多年年均泥沙输出量为26189 万t,总氮输出为8 33523 t,总磷输出为43686 t。研究成果对于AnnAGNPS模型在三峡库区的应用具有很好的示范性     

江西仙女湖流域大型底栖动物群落结构及水质评价

以典型的亚热带大型山地丘陵湖泊——江西省仙女湖研究为例,2014~2015年每月对仙女湖湖区及主要入湖河流进行了大型底栖动物群落的周年动态研究。经鉴定得底栖动物111种,隶属3门53科77属。其中软体动物40种,节肢动物61种,环节动物10种。优势种为中华颤蚓、梨形环棱螺、河蚬、锯齿新米虾、羽摇蚊、粗腹摇蚊属、前突摇蚊属、霍甫水丝蚓。仙女湖大型底栖动物年平息栖息密度为346 ind./m2,年平均生物量为54.26 g/m2;不同区域和季节底栖动物的栖息密度与生物量有显著差异(P0.05),河流型生境R2年平均栖息密度最大,为722 ind./m2。湖泊型生境L4年平均栖息密度最小,为251 ind./m2。1月的平均栖息密度最高,为567 ind./m2,5月平均栖息密度最低,为163 ind./m2。用辛普森多样性指数对不同区域水质进行评价,结果表明,入湖河流和钤阳湖为轻度污染,舞龙湖为中度污染。系统聚类和MDS排序分析表明,大型底栖动物的分布具有环境空间异质性,可以划分为2个群落。     

Comparison of total mercury and methylmercury cycling at five sites using the small watershed approach

The small watershed approach is well-suited but underutilized in mercury research. We applied the small watershed approach to investigate total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) dynamics in streamwater at the five diverse forested headwater catchments of the US Geological Survey Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB) program. At all sites, baseflow THg was generally less than 1ng L(-1) and MeHg was less than 0.2ng L(-1). THg and MeHg concentrations increased with streamflow, so export was primarily episodic. At three sites, THg and MeHg concentration and export were dominated by the particulate fraction in association with POC at high flows, with maximum THg (MeHg) concentrations of 94 (2.56)ng L(-1) at Sleepers River, Vermont; 112 (0.75)ng L(-1) at Rio Icacos, Puerto Rico; and 55 (0.80)ng L(-1) at Panola Mt., Georgia. Filtered (<0.7microm) THg increased more modestly with flow in association with the hydrophobic acid fraction (HPOA) of DOC, with maximum filtered THg concentrations near 5ng L(-1) at both Sleepers and Icacos. At Andrews Creek, Colorado, THg export was also episodic but was dominated by filtered THg, as POC concentrations were low. MeHg typically tracked THg so that each site had a fairly constant MeHg/THg ratio, which ranged from near zero at Andrews to 15% at the low-relief, groundwater-dominated Allequash Creek, Wisconsin. Allequash was the only site with filtered MeHg consistently above detection, and the filtered fraction dominated both THg and MeHg. Relative to inputs in wet deposition, watershed retention of THg (minus any subsequent volatilization) was 96.6% at Allequash, 60% at Sleepers, and 83% at Andrews. Icacos had a net export of THg, possibly due to historic gold mining or frequent disturbance from landslides. Quantification and interpretation of Hg dynamics was facilitated by the small watershed approach with emphasis on event sampling.     

Dynamic modeling of organophosphate pesticide load in surface water in the northern San Joaquin Valley watershed of California

The hydrology, sediment, and pesticide transport components of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) were evaluated on the northern San Joaquin Valley watershed of California. The Nash-Sutcliffe coefficients for monthly stream flow and sediment load ranged from 0.49 to 0.99 over the watershed during the study period of 1992-2005. The calibrated SWAT model was applied to simulate fate and transport processes of two organophosphate pesticides of diazinon and chlorpyrifos at watershed scale. The model generated satisfactory predictions of dissolved pesticide loads relative to the monitoring data. The model also showed great success in capturing spatial patterns of dissolved diazinon and chlorpyrifos loads according to the soil properties and landscape morphology over the large agricultural watershed. This study indicated that curve number was the major factor influencing the hydrology while pesticide fate and transport were mainly affected by surface runoff and pesticide application and in the study area.     

基于L-THIA模型的四川省濑溪河流域非点源污染负荷分析

非点源污染是造成流域水环境恶化的重要原因之一,掌握非点源污染的时空分布特征是流域水环境污染防治和流域综合管理的基础性工作.为落实国家《水污染防治行动计划》,四川省启动了濑溪河等流域综合治理达标方案编制工作,探明濑溪河流域非点源污染负荷及其分布特征是该方案编制的前提.以四川省境内濑溪河流域为研究区域,基于GIS（地理信息系统）,利用L-THIA（long-term hydrologic impact assessment,长期水文影响评价）模型,基于2015年土地利用地图数据、土壤水文数据以及长时间序列（2009—2014年）逐日降雨数据,调整模型参数,使模型模拟径流量符合水文站监测数据,进而模拟2014—2015年流域内的非点源污染负荷空间分布.L-THIA模型模拟得到濑溪河流域径流量约为5.10×108 m3,和控制水文站实测径流量相比,模型模拟相对误差为5%,表明模型模拟质量较好,模拟结果可信度较高.结果表明,流域内TP、NH₃-N、COD_Cr非点源污染负荷分别为204.10、353.12、5 162.53 t;农业用地对研究区的非点源污染影响最大,林地最小;根据濑溪河水系分布特点将研究区划分为16个控制单元,各控制单元TP、NH₃-N、COD_Cr的空间分布特征及比例相似,研究区非点源污染平均负荷强度为3.72 t/km2,TP、NH₃-N、COD_Cr的输出范围分别为（0.08~0.15）（0.14~0.27）（2.19~3.89）t/km2.研究显示,流域非点源污染产生量的估算和空间分布特征的揭示为编制濑溪河流域水污染治理方案提供了科学参考.      

御临河流域河流湿地生态系统服务价值评价

御临河流域河流湿地具有非常重要的生态服务功能,包括直接使用价值和间接使用价值。直接使用价值有物质生产功能、水资源服务、旅游休闲功能、科研文化功能等,间接使用价值包括气体调节功能、水分调蓄功能及河岸带湿地污染净化功能的价值等。本研究采用市场价值法、碳税法、影子工程法、类比法及旅行费用法对御临河流域河流湿地生态系统服务价值进行了初步估算,其生态系统服务总价值为4.39亿元人民币,是2000年该流域GDP的28.52%。研究结果表明,御临河流域河流湿地生态系统的服务价值是不容忽视的。在进行流域规划管理时必须重视自然生态系统的潜在价值,才能保证流域生态系统的健康及可持续发展。