Changes in peak flow with decreased forestry practices: analysis using watershed runoff data

The prevalence of forestry practices such as thinning and pruning have gradually decreased since the 1980s. Researchers have noted an increased flood risk with decreased forestry practices for coniferous plantations in Japan on the basis of infiltration and overland flow measurements at a plot scale (typically several square meters). However, no studies have examined changes in peak flow with decreased forestry practices at a watershed scale (typically several tens or hundreds of square kilometers) even though flood disasters generally occur at this scale in Japan. We examined changes in frequency distributions of daily precipitation (P) and runoff (Q) during the period 1979-2007 at the Terauchi watershed, where forestry practices are known to have decreased. For this purpose, we divided P and Q data into 14 and 15 classes according to the magnitude, respectively, and examined changes in the frequency for each class during the period. We observed no significant increasing trend for any P or Q class. Even when taking into account the effect of interannual variations in precipitation on the frequency for each Q class, there was no significant increasing trend in the frequencies except for two Q classes with moderate Q values. These results suggest that the increase in flood risk due to decreased forestry practices might be less than expected.     

Analysis of the trade-off between economic growth and the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions in the Poyang Lake Watershed, China

Lake eutrophication leading to water pollution is a major global concern. In recent years, rapid economic growth and the increase in the intensity of resource exploitation in China have caused the influx of nitrogen and phosphorus into lakes. This in turn has led to more severe lake eutrophication, more frequent outbreaks of algal blooms, and the degradation of lake ecosystems. An effective plan balancing economic growth with the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions is greatly needed. The design and implementation of such a plan requires the collection and analysis of pertinent data. In this paper, we use the environmental computable general equilibrium (ECGE) model to identify the most effective way to balance economic growth with the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions. For the multiregional analysis, we use social accounting matrices (SAMs) and a provincial trade matrix based on the assumptions of the gravity model. We consider the Poyang Lake Watershed as a case study to illustrate the utility of the model. Based on present conditions in the Poyang Lake Watershed, restricting nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from sectors with the highest emissions is more effective for balancing economic growth and the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions than restricting nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from all sectors.     

平原河网地区农村生活污染入河机制

以太滆运河流域前黄镇和雪堰镇为研究区,设计农村生活非点源污染调查问卷,采用随机抽样的方法,调查了39个行政村中85个自然村的农村生活污染情况。通过对问卷的统计分析得到了厕所使用类型的比例、化粪池中上清液和固体残渣的去向以及生活垃圾处置等信息。在对农村生活污染进行分类的基础上,估算出该地区农村生活污染入河系数为:CODCr,6.6%～13.3%;TN,18.1%～18.6%;TP,8.2%～12.5%。     

State and potential management to improve water quality in an agricultural catchment relative to a natural baseline

Land use change and the expansion of dairying are perceived as the cause of poor water quality in the 1881 km² Pomahaka catchment in Otago, New Zealand. A study was conducted to determine the long-term trend at four sites, and current state in 13 sub-catchments, of water quality. Drains in 2 dairy-farmed sub-catchments were also sampled to determine their potential as a point source of stream contamination. Data highlighted an overall increase in the concentration of phosphorus (P) fractions at long-term sites. Loads of contaminants (nitrogen (N) and P fractions, sediment and Escherichia coli) were greatest in those sub-catchments with the most dairying. Baseline (without human influence) contaminant concentrations suggested that there was considerable scope for decreasing losses. At most sites, baseline concentrations were <20% of current median concentrations. Contaminant losses via drainage were recorded despite there being no rainfall that day and attributed to applying too much effluent onto wet soil. Modelling of P concentrations in one dairy-farmed sub-catchment suggested that up to 58% of P losses came from point sources, like bad effluent practice and stock access to streams. A statistical test to detect “contaminated” drainage was developed from historical data. If this test had been applied to remove contaminated drainage from samples of the two dairy-farmed sub-catchments, median contaminant concentrations and loads would have decreased by up to 58% (greater decreases were found for E. coli, ammoniacal-N and total P than other contaminants). This suggests that better uptake of strategies to mitigate contamination, such as deferred effluent irrigation (and low rate application), could decrease drainage losses from dairy-farmed land and thereby improve water quality in the Pomahaka catchment.     

纳板河保护区生态旅游资源分析与评价

在总结调查资料的基础上,以西双版纳纳板河流域国家级自然保护区的生态旅游资源为研究对象,对其进行分类并评价,以期为今后保护区旅游开发提供科学依据。     

基于GIS的滇池流域景观格局优化

景观格局优化是景观生态学中的难点和热点问题。选择滇池流域为研究区域,在RS和GIS的支持下对2008年Landsat TM影像进行解译判读,获得景观类型图,运用最小耗费距离模型对区域景观格局进行优化。结合景观各组分生态系统服务功能价值和空间作用,构建了生态源地、生态廊道和生态节点等景观组分,以加强生态网络的空间连通性,提高景观格局稳定性,完善生态功能。源地具有较高的生态系统服务功能,需要维持和增大源斑块面积。所构建城市区域廊道、森林生态廊道、农业生产廊道应采取保持廊道规模,建立缓冲区,加强植被绿化,减少污染物的排放等措施以提高整个廊道的连通性。节点位于景观生态流和连通的重要位置上,需要加强控制。该研究对流域生态规划和土地利用优化布局有一定的参考价值。     

近50a玛纳斯河流域土地利用/覆被变化对碳储量的影响

土地利用变化对碳收支的影响是当前全球变化研究领域的重点内容之一,中国西北干旱区土地利用变化对陆地生态系统碳收支的影响尚不清楚。论文以西北干旱区流域绿洲水土开发的典范--玛纳斯河流域为研究区,基于Bookkeeping模型,利用多期土地覆被类型图、植被和土壤碳密度历史文献及实地调查资料,开展玛纳斯河流域近50 a荒漠转变为绿洲农田和农田弃耕两种主要土地覆被变化对碳收支的影响研究。玛纳斯河流域的垦殖活动有利于碳储量的增加,在1962-2008年的46 a间,土地利用变化导致流域植被碳储量增加6.34×10⁵ t,土壤碳储量增加3.14×10⁶ t,总碳储量增加3.77×10⁶ t。受土地覆被变化面积和转换类型碳密度差异的影响,不同土地覆被类型转换对碳储量的影响存在显著差异:荒漠草地、裸地开垦为耕地均引起植被和土壤碳储量显著增加;林地开垦为耕地引起植被碳储量减少,土壤碳储量增加,总碳储量减少;而耕地弃耕通常会导致流域碳储量减少。     

太湖流域城市化水平及外来人口影响测评

太湖流域属于我国东部沿海经济较发达的地区,2000年城市化水平达到66.17%,接近全国平均水平的两倍。自改革开放以来,该地区工业化发展迅速,由以乡镇企业为主过渡到外资和民营企业的大力发展,吸引了来自全国各地的就业迁移人口,成为全国流动人口的主要集中区。同时使得外来人口成为地区社会经济发展规划不可忽视的重要因素。以第五次人口普查资料为基础分析了太湖流域外来人口来源的地域和城乡构成,计算了外来人口数量及分布情况,指出外来人口的城乡非均衡分布促成地区城镇化率的小幅上升,太湖流域各地区的上升幅度在2%左右,部分解释了隐性城镇化率的产生。在城市市区,外来人口平均占到总城市人口的18%。对于50万人口以上城市,外来人口比重与城市规模表现出良好的相关性,可用于指导城市人口规模及地区城镇化水平预测。     

Urbanization reduces resource use efficiency of phytoplankton community by altering the environment and decreasing biodiversity

Urbanization often exerts multiple effects on aquatic and terrestrial organisms, including changes in biodiversity, species composition and ecosystem functions. However, the impacts of urbanization on river phytoplankton in subtropical urbanizing watersheds remain largely unknown. Here, we explored the effects of urbanization on phytoplankton community structure（i.e., biomass, community composition and diversity） and function（i.e., resource use efficiency） in a subtropical river at watershed sca...