“白色污染”及其消除途径

在介绍“白色污染”的由来和发展现状的同时 ,重点就消除现有塑料“白色污染”的几种途径作了论述     

Properties of mercuric reductase from a HgCl2-resistant fungus

Mercuric reductase is detected in Cephalosporium tabacinum F2.The enzyme, which is an intracellular one,catalyzes the reduction of mercuric ions to elemental mercury,which requires NADH as an electron donor and added sulfhydryl compound.The optimum temperature and pH of the enzymatic reaction are 30℃ and 7.0- 8. 0,respectively.The enzyme activity is stable in the range of 25- 30℃ for 40min,and stable at pH 7. 0 for 2 hours. Metal ions such as Ag⁺ ,CO²⁺), Cu²⁺,Zh²⁺, Mn²⁺,Ni²⁺ show different degrees of inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity,other compounds such as phenylmercury acetate and potassium ferricyanide also partially inhibit the enzyme activity.     

Effects of copper, manganese and pH on the growth and several enzyme activities of mycorrhizal fungus Cenococcum geophilum Fr.

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5种白腐真菌对染料脱色降解的实验研究

使用5种白腐真菌（云芝、紫芝、韩芝、酱油曲霉和米曲霉）对活性艳红X-3B、酸性湖蓝A进行了脱色与降解实验，结果表明，共培养体系中白腐真菌对2种染料脱色降解过程中，将导致共培养液的pH、COD和吸收峰特征及A值的明显变化，变化情况也依据菌种和染料的不同而异，比较而言，紫芝对酸性湖蓝的脱色和降解效果较差，但共培养过程中共培养液颜色，从湖蓝变为蓝绿色到浅绿色，表明降解作用的真实存在，处理后的共培养液COD浓度尚难以达到排放标准，以及添加剂成本较高，是本实验研究所存在的问题。     

Colonial recognition of fungus in the fungus-growing ant Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Summary. Leaf cutting ants live in symbiosis with a basidiomycete fungus that is exploited as a source of nutrients for the ant larvae. Tests of fungus transport demonstrated that Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus workers discriminate concolonial fungus from alien fungus, and rejected the latter. Larvae and pupae of the ant were used as controls. Chemical analysis of the fungus revealed a great similarity between its hydrocarbon profile and that found on the ant brood. Experiments with lures showed that chemical extracts from the fungus are responsible for this discrimination process. Moreover, the presence of brood inside the fungus seemed to be important for discrimination of the fungus by workers. Resident workers accepted concolonial broodless fungus less than concolonial fungus inoculated with brood odor. Fungus seems to acquire colonial odor passively, simply by contact with the brood. The impact of fungus volume present in the nest on closure of the colony is discussed. We show here for the first time the importance of a symbiotic vegetal organism in colonial recognition in social insects. Received 14 April 2000; accepted 29 September 2000     

Inconclusiveness of Chytridiomycosis as the Agent in Widespread Frog Declines

Abstract:  Although there is considerable evidence to support the hypothesis that the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is the primary agent responsible for widespread declines in amphibian populations, particularly rainforest frog populations in Australia and Central America, I argue the case has not yet been made conclusively. Few specimens were collected at the time of population declines, so it may never be possible to conclusively determine their cause. It remains unclear whether the pathogen is novel where declines have occurred. Although it is not necessary that the infection be novel for it to be implicated in declines, if a preexisting pathogen has only recently caused extinctions, cofactors must be important. Whether the pattern of outbreaks represents a "wave" of extinctions is unclear, but if it does, the rate of spread in Australia is implausibly high for a waterborne pathogen, given the most likely estimates of epidemiological parameters. Although B. dendrobatidis is an amphibian pathogen according to Koch's postulates, the postulates are neither necessary nor sufficient criteria to identify a pathogen. The following key pieces of information are necessary to better understand the impact of this fungus on frog communities: better knowledge of the means and rate of transmission under field conditions, prevalence of infection among frog populations, as distinct from morbid individuals, and the effect of the fungus on frogs in the wild. It is crucial to determine whether there are strains of the fungus with differing pathogenicity to particular frog species and whether host-pathogen coevolution has occurred or is occurring. Recently developed diagnostic tools bring into reach the possibility of addressing these questions and thus developing appropriate strategies to manage frog communities that may be affected by this fungus.     

丝状真菌基因功能研究的方法

近年来不少丝状真菌全基因组测序已完成或正在进行,基因功能研究成为真菌研究的一个热点.多种基因功能研究方法都已应用到丝状真菌领域,为丝状真菌的基因功能研究提供了许多不同的技术策略.本文总结了目前丝状真菌基因功能研究中常用的方法,如转座子标签法、基因敲除技术、RNA干扰、超表达及酵母杂交系统等,并对各方法在丝状真菌研究中的优缺点进行了阐述.参42     

垃圾堆肥高效纤维素分解菌的筛选与培育技术

从堆肥、马粪、果园土、污泥等20个样品中，分离筛选出3株对滤纸分解旺盛的纤维素分解菌：C1、C2、C3，并外购康氏木霉、白腐菌、变色栓菌一起作为出发株，经紫外诱变处理后，在含葡萄糖的产酶培养基平板上筛选到能形成较大透明圈的突变株，并进行CMC酶活、微晶纤维素酶活及天然粗纤维分解能力测定。实验结果证明白腐菌经紫外线照射60s诱变而得的C16不仅透明圈大，CMC酶活高（60.08U/mL）是出发株的2倍，而且其对天然粗纤维分解能力强，10d分解率达35％。     

神农架大型真菌资源及其开发利用

神农架大型真菌资源十分丰富。经初步调查有２纲８目２４科８６属２５２种。其中食用菌１１４种、药用菌１０种、毒菌１９种、用途暂不明的１０９种，占全国现有食用菌总数６５７种的３８．３６％。本文论述了该地区大型真菌自然发生的种类、分布及开发利用建议。     

生化调控对白腐真菌处理染料废水脱色效果的影响研究

研究了白腐真菌处理染料废水过程中的培养液类型。初始pH值，废水的投加量，替代碳源和氮源类型。浓度及木素酶诱导物等生化调控措施及其效果。在优化调控条件下，HSU-13和云芝2种白腐真菌对实际活性染料废水的脱色率可以达到98%左右。在保证良好脱色效果的前提下，使用淀粉替代查氏培养液中的蔗糖可以降低碳源的费用；使用20mmol/L天冬酰胺和酒石酸铵替代查氏培养液中的硝酸钠可以明显提高脱色效果。说明2种白腐真菌对富氮条件的依赖性；投加丁香酸，Mn^2 和Cu^2 等酶的诱导物后可以显著提高脱色速度；苯甲醇在浓度较低（2mmol/L）时对云芝的脱色性能有一定促进作用。而浓度提高到8mmol/L后对云芝的脱色性能几乎没有影响。