固定化微生物技术及其在重金属废水处理中的应用

固定化微生物技术是一种有效的废水生物处理技术.较为全面地介绍了其定义、分类及载体选择.全面系统地介绍了固定化微生物(主要是菌类和藻类)技术近年来在重金属废水处理中的应用现状,分析认为,固定化微生物技术对于处理含各种重金属离子的废水均有很广阔的应用前景,并对今后的研究方向做了探讨.     

理化环境条件对青霉菌和细菌吸附脱色染料的影响

在筛选到的染料吸附脱色真菌和细菌的基础上 ,测定了温度和pH值对青霉G 1吸附和与细菌共培养脱色降解染料的影响。结果表明 ,16— 36℃下青霉G 1对艳紫KN B(C .I.Re .Vi.2 2 )和黄M 3RE(C .I.Re .Ye .14 5 )的吸附去除能力受温度影响不大 ,吸附 5h去除率在 97.1%— 98.7% ,而染料的脱色时间受温度影响较大 ,2 8— 36℃下脱色速度快 .青霉G 1对pH 3— 11染料水中染料的吸附去除率高 ,达 94 .9%— 97.8% ,对pH 13的吸附去除率低 ,仅为 5 5 .4 %和 5 6 .2 % ,从pH 5—13染料水中吸附染料的菌丝在与细菌共培养 5— 2 6h即完成了对染料的脱色 ,脱色速度较快     

白腐真菌生化降解TNT的研究

本文在建立微生物降解废水中有机污染物的中间反应模型的基础上,推导出ＴＮＴ废水的ＣＯＤ降解参数方程,并与实测值比较,基本吻合,为以后深入研究提供理论指导。     

不同种属白腐菌治理造纸黑液的特性研究

研究了三种种属 (AX系列 ,S系列 ,BP系列 )白腐菌在光解与非光解造纸黑液上的固体量、固体木素、溶液木素、体系pH和COD的特征。结果表明不同种属白腐菌表现了不同的环境效应 ,AX系列显出较低的木素和COD去除率 ,S系列改变体系pH值到 3以下和较高的COD去除率 ;同时在同一种属种不同菌株之间也存在着差异 ,AX2在光解培养基上显现了高的溶液木素和COD去除率 ,与AX系列其它培养情况存在差异。     

白腐真菌对活性艳红染料X-3B的脱色实验研究

探讨了白腐真菌对活性艳红染料X-3B废水的脱色效果。实验结果表明白腐真菌可以有效地对染料废水进行脱色。白腐真菌在空气曝气培养条件下,比在空气静置培养状态下具有更强的脱色降解能力;而且当在染料废水中加入一定量的碳源物质(葡萄糖)能提高白腐真菌脱色能力。最后,通过考察细胞外液对染料废水的脱色效果,表明白腐真菌对染料进行脱色的核心体系位于细胞体外。实验结果对白腐真菌在环境工程中的直接应用具有一定的价值。     

Winter losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from Italian ryegrass, meadow fescue and white clover in a northern temperate climate

We have studied to what degree Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis L.) are able to preserve nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) in shoots and roots from one growing season to the next in a northern temperate climate. Field experiments were performed during four consecutive winters in central southeast Norway (60°42′N, 10°51′E), and N and P in plant biomass were measured in the autumn and in the spring. We also measured the contents of total N, total P and organic carbon (C) in seepage water that percolated through the aboveground plant material. Uptake of N and P in Italian ryegrass and white clover was substantially larger than in meadow fescue. The winter losses varied greatly from year to year, depending on the winter climate. On the average for all three of the plant species, the winter losses of N from aboveground biomass were 6, 35, 68 and 10% in the four experimental years, respectively. The corresponding P losses were 11, 36, 60 and 22%. On the average for all plant species and experimental years, 43 (±12)% (S.E., n = 12) of the N, 34 (±9)% of the P and 4 (±1)% of the C that was lost from the aboveground plant biomass during the winter, was recovered in seepage water, basically as a nutrient pulse in melt water in early spring. The very low C recovery rate in seepage water suggested a considerable microbial growth on lost plant C. Assuming that all un-recovered plant C was consumed by microorganisms not included in measurements of the seepage water, modelling showed that microbial immobilisation theoretically might explain the unexpectedly low recovery rates of N and P. The study was not designed to investigate the possible effects of psychrophilic microbes on N and P cycling. Therefore, it is inconclusive and underlines the need for more knowledge on this matter.     

黄孢原毛平革菌P450对难降解有机物降解的研究现状

难降解有机物由于具有极大的环境危害,已成为环境保护的一大难题.其降解的主要研究方向是依靠微生物的降解功能.黄孢原毛平革菌(P.C.菌)是研究异源物质代谢最广泛的白腐真菌.目前的研究主要集中在胞外木质过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶,而对胞内细胞色素P450降解功能的研究还很少.     

谈“白色污染”防治

概述了我国“白色污染”的现状及其危害。针对目前“白色污染”的严峻态势，作者提出了对其根治应采取的具体措施。     

处理秸秆纤维素乙醇废水的东北土著白腐真菌筛选及特性研究

为了提高秸秆纤维素乙醇废水的处理效果,选择6种东北土著白腐真菌,对2%的秸秆纤维素乙醇废水中木质素进行降解处理.采用正交试验法对筛选出的高效降解菌进行产漆酶培养基的优化.结果表明:6种白腐真菌最高酶活大小顺序为青顶拟多孔菌>血红密孔菌>糙皮侧耳菌>彩绒革盖菌>烟色烟管菌>灵芝;血红密孔菌、糙皮侧耳菌、彩绒革盖菌、青顶拟多孔菌、灵芝、烟色烟管菌在第0天起始质量浓度为640.9~716.6 mg/L,在第14天木质素的质量浓度分别为434.0、411.2、441.8、441.7、533.3、503.5 mg/L,对木质素的去除率分别为37.1%、37.0%、31.8%、31.7%、25.6%、21.4%,并分别在第12、12、4、4、2、6天木质素降解趋于平稳,表明降解效果最好的菌种为血红密孔菌.血红密孔菌产漆酶培养基最优组合方案:最佳碳源为锯末,质量浓度为35 g/L;最佳氮源为蛋白胨,质量浓度为4 g/L;最佳pH为5.极差分析表明,各因素对血红密孔菌产漆酶的影响顺序为碳源>氮源> pH >氮源质量浓度>碳源质量浓度.在最佳培养基条件下,废水中木质素降解率达41.1%.研究显示,血红密孔菌可以作为生物法处理秸秆纤维素乙醇废水的菌种资源,也可为今后的进一步应用研究提供科学依据.      

House sparrows benefit from the conservation of white storks

As with many farmland bird species, the house sparrow Passer domesticus is declining in Europe, mainly due to intensification of agriculture reducing nest sites and food supplies. During 2002–2005, we studied the population size and nest site characteristics of house sparrows breeding within white stork Ciconia ciconia nests in a large area of agricultural landscape within western Poland. To explain sparrow density within stork nests, we examined characteristics of white stork nests (position, age, productivity) and the farm type around the nest. House sparrow density was greatest in the longest established (and hence larger) white stork nests located on traditionally managed farms. Two recent changes appear to have adverse effects on house sparrows. The first is the intensification of farming and the second is active management of white stork nests on electric poles to reduce nest size and thus avoid both disruption to the electrical supply and electrocution of white storks. Because the white stork has such a high profile in Poland, there are numerous schemes to conserve and enhance this species. In conclusion, we clearly show that protecting one species can have valuable, although unplanned, benefits to another species of conservation interest, the house sparrow.