土壤改良剂联合间套种技术修复重金属污染土壤:田间试验

在田间条件下,验证通过盆栽试验初步筛选出的几种改良剂在玉米和东南景天间套种修复重金属污染土壤的大田实际应用效果.研究结果表明,施用改良剂蘑菇渣肥、云母和沸石能有效降低玉米籽粒和茎叶中的Cd和Pb,玉米籽粒Cd和Pb含量均达到食用标准.蘑菇渣肥显著增加了东南景天对Cd的提取量,腐植酸显著促进了东南景天对Pb的吸收,因此,蘑菇渣和腐植酸可以应用于玉米和东南景天套种系统.施用云母和沸石可以显著提高土壤pH值,降低土壤可交换态Cd/Pb含量,从而降低二种植物对Cd/Pb的吸收;然而,施用蘑菇渣肥和腐植酸却增加土壤可交换/吸附态Cd/Pb含量.植物根系吸收Cd的稳定常数显示该有机吸附态Cd难于被玉米根系吸收.     

套种和化学淋洗联合技术修复重金属污染土壤

联合不同的重金属污染土壤修复技术可以弥补单一措施的不足,其中植物提取联合化学淋洗技术就是有效的途径之一.本研究通过盆栽试验,在东南景天和玉米套种情况下,用不同浓度和种类的混合试剂对土壤进行化学淋洗,测定淋洗液中重金属含量、植物的吸收量以及土壤重金属的剩余量.结果表明,第1季10 mmol.L-1的混合试剂对套种系统淋洗,Zn、Cd的总去除量(植物提取量和淋洗量)最高,两季合计对Zn、Cd的总去除率分别达到6.0%、40.46%,大于单一植物提取.土壤测定结果表明,通过两季(约9个月)套种植物联合淋洗技术处理后,土壤重金属Cd、Zn和Pb的降低率分别达到27.8%～44.6%、12.6%～16.5%和3.6%～5.7%.50 mmol.L-1的混合试剂对套种系统淋洗,会影响后季东南景天的生长,而且淋洗结束后用清水淋洗产生的淋出液浓度高于其他低浓度处理,风险较大.EDDS(乙二胺二琥珀酸)混合试剂亦能促进东南景天吸收Zn和Cd,但不能有效淋洗出土壤中的Pb.在该套种+淋洗联合技术中,Zn、Cd的去除主要靠植物提取,Pb的去除主要靠淋洗,套种+淋洗加快土壤修复,而且可能解决Zn/Cd/Pb复合污染问题.     

植物套种及化学强化对重金属污染土壤的持续修复效果研究

为了研究植物套种和螯合剂施用对重金属污染土壤的长期修复效果以及对地下水可能的环境风险,采集广东省乐昌市铅锌矿开采造成的重金属污染土壤,通过渗滤池(0.9 m×0.9 m×0.9 m)进行了7次植物种植试验(约2.5 a),共设置了单种超富集植物东南景天(Sedum alfredii)、单种低累积玉米(Zea mays,cv.Yunshi-5)、东南景天和玉米套种、以及套种+MC(混合螯合剂,柠檬酸∶味精废液∶EDTA∶KCl摩尔比=10∶1∶2∶3,5 mmol·kg-1)4个处理,连续监测植物、土壤和渗滤液的重金属含量变化.结果表明,东南景天和玉米套种只适合在春夏季进行,套种显著提高植物对Zn和Cd的提取效率;在秋冬季,套种或混合螯合剂均影响东南景天生长,降低了东南景天对Zn和Cd的提取;总体上单种东南景天处理对污染土壤的Zn和Cd的总提取量最大.然而,土壤Zn、Cd和Pb含量降低幅度最大的为套种+MC处理,与初始值相比降低幅度分别为28%、50%和22%,该处理土壤重金属含量的降低,主要归于混合螯合剂作用下重金属向下层土壤迁移.渗滤水监测结果表明,在试验期内,施加混合螯合剂提高渗滤水重金属浓度,但未明显超过地下水Ⅲ级标准.     

环境物质稀土多元复合肥对玉米根尖细胞DNA的损伤

有关对稀土多元复合肥(RE-MECF)的卫生毒理研究较多,但对其遗传毒理研究报道较少.在此,采用了单细胞凝胶电泳技术,探知RE-MECF对玉米细胞DNA是否会产生损伤,以期引起注意.用不同梯度浓度的RE-MECF对农作物玉米进行染毒6 h后,将玉米根尖细胞制备成原生质体,再进行单细胞凝胶电泳,确定对DNA损伤并探讨其剂量-效应关系.结果显示,质量浓度为10 mg·L-1剂量组与阴性组比较没有显著性差异;质量浓度在102～103 mg·L-1剂量范围内彗星细胞的头长随着剂量的增加而缩短,而尾长随着剂量的递增而增长.与阴性组比较存在显著性差异,DNA拖尾率、损伤率随着剂量的增加相应升高;质量浓度在104mg·L-1剂量组彗星的头长和尾长与阴性组相比皆无显著性差异.实验结果表明:RE-MECF对玉米根尖细胞DNA具有一定的损伤作用.     

丛枝菌根真菌及猪炭对多氯联苯污染土壤的联合修复作用

选用玉米(Zea mays L.)为供试植物,采用盆栽试验研究了接种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌(Funneliformis mosseae)和添加不同粒径猪炭对多氯联苯(Polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)污染土壤的联合修复效应及其对土壤微生物的影响.结果表明,接种AM真菌(10%接种量)及添加2.5%猪炭对土壤有效磷含量提高具有显著的协同效应,猪炭还显著提高了土壤有机碳、速效钾含量和pH值(p0.05);猪炭显著促进了菌根真菌侵染率,但对玉米根系生物量具有抑制作用.接种AM真菌的同时添加猪炭提高了细菌16S rDNA丰度,且接种AM真菌同时添加粒径0.25 mm猪炭显著促进了土壤PCBs降解率.AM真菌与猪炭改变了土壤微生物种群的相对丰度,其中,Planctomycetes与土壤三氯联苯降解显著相关(r=0.049,p0.05),而Acidobacteria与五氯联苯降解显著相关(r=0.008,p0.01).AM真菌及猪炭提高了土壤有效养分含量,促进了植物生物量和土壤PCBs降解,对PCBs污染土壤具有较好的修复潜力.     

玉米乙酰乳酸合成酶活性的测定及其性质初探

为了解抑制剂对乙酰乳酸合成酶 (ALS)的作用机制 ,建立生理生化水平上 ALS酶抑制剂的筛选方法。详细研究了玉米离体和活体乙酰乳酸合成酶 (AL S)活性的测定方法。对酶反应条件的研究表明 ,底物丙酮酸钠的浓度和辅助因子氯化硫胺素焦磷酸盐 (TPP)、黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸 (FAD)以及氯化镁 (Mg Cl2 )的浓度在一定范围内对酶的反应有影响 ,温度和酸度也是影响该酶反应的重要因素 ;对酶反应产物显色反应的研究发现 ,α-萘酚和肌酸单钠盐共同协调影响显色反应的进行。玉米 AL S酶的比活力与反应时间呈线性关系 ,符合 Michaelis- Meten方程。烟嘧磺隆是玉米 ALS酶的非竞争性抑制剂 ,农大 1 0 8玉米 ALS的 Km为 (7.51± 1 .0 0 ) mmol· L- 1 。     

A two-dimensional simulation model of phosphorus uptake including crop growth and P-response

Modelling nutrient uptake by crops implies considering and integrating the processes controlling the soil nutrient supply, the uptake by the root system and relationships between the crop growth response and the amount of nutrient absorbed. We developed a model that integrates both dynamics of maize growth and phosphorus (P) uptake. The crop part of the model was derived from Monteith's model. A complete regulation of P-uptake by the roots according to crop P-demand and soil P-supply was assumed. The soil P-supply to the roots was calculated using a diffusion equation and assuming that roots behave as zero-sinks. The actual P-uptake and crop growth were calculated at each time step by comparing phosphate and carbohydrate supply–demand ratios. Model calculations for P-uptake and crop growth were compared to field measurements on a long term P-fertilization trial. Three P-fertilization regimes (no P-fertilization, 42.8 kg P ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and 94.3 kg P ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) have led to a range of P-supply. Our model correctly simulated both the crop development and growth for all P-treatments. P-uptake was correctly predicted for the two non-limiting P-treatments. Nevertheless, for the limiting P-treatment, P-uptake was correctly predicted during the early period of growth but it was underestimated at the last sampling date (61 day after sowing). Several arguments for under-prediction were considered. However, most of them cannot explain the observed magnitude in discrepancy. The most likely reason might be the fact that biomass allocation between shoot and root must be modelled more precisely. Despite this mismatch, the model appears to provide realistic simulations of the soil–plant dynamic of P in field conditions.     

NTA对玉米体内Cu、Zn的积累及亚细胞分布的影响

通过向多金属复合污染土壤中加入螯合剂氨三乙酸(NTA)并运用差速离心法研究了NTA对玉米根、茎和叶中Cu、Zn亚细胞分布的影响.结果表明:Cu和Zn在玉米细胞内的分布特征与其吸收和富集重金属能力密切相关,NTA能显著促进Cu和Zn在玉米体内的吸收和积累并且影响重金属在细胞壁和液泡内的分布.在玉米细胞内,细胞壁是Cu的主要结合位点,其次为含液泡的细胞质部分,只有少量的Cu分布在叶绿体、线粒体、细胞核等细胞器组分中;Zn更趋向于分布在以液泡为主的细胞质中,并且在细胞器中也有较高的分布.在NTA诱导下,Cu和Zn在液泡内的分布呈强化趋势,有从细胞壁向细胞质转移的趋势,叶片中细胞器的重金属也部分向细胞质转移.     

Toxic effects of chlortetracycline on maize growth, reactive oxygen species generation and the antioxidant response

The toxicity of chlortetracycline (CTC) on maize (Zea mays L.) growth and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was studied. The root and shoot lengths and fresh weights of maize seedlings were inhibited by CTC treatment (p < 0.05). Root length was more sensitive than other parameters with the EC₁₀ value of 0.064 mg/L. The spin trapping technique followed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis was used to quantify the ROS production. The ROS generated in maize roots after exposure to CTC was identified as hydroxyl radical (.OH). The EPR signal intensity correlated positively with the logarithm of CTC concentrations exposed (p < 0.05). The dynamic changes of malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the antioxidative enzyme activities in maize roots were also determined. As compared to the control group, CTC was found to significantly increase MDA content. Treatment of maize roots with the.OH scavenger sodium benzoate (SB) reduced the MDA content and enhanced the antioxidative enzyme activities. The results demonstrated the harmfulness of CTC at high dose to maize in the early developmental stage, and clarified that the inducement of.OH is one of the mechanisms of CTC toxicity.