酸性矿井水治理方案灰局势决策择优法

简述了适用于煤矿高矿化度及酸性矿井水处理方法,介绍了用灰局势决策治理酸性矿井水的择优问题,并将其结果与作者曾提出过的用多目标模糊决策法作了比较.     

深圳降水中低分子量有机酸对降雨酸性的贡献

有机酸可能对降水酸性具有重要贡献,尤其是深圳处于亚热带地区太阳辐射强烈、光化学过程活跃,有利于有机酸的生成.对深圳市2004─2005年降雨中有机酸进行研究,结果表明:含量最高的有机酸依次为甲酸、乙二酸和乙酸,三者之和超过总有机酸浓度的98%;有机酸对阴离子总浓度的贡献约7%,对降水总自由酸度(TFA)的贡献约5%,上述各值均高于北京,深圳有机酸对降水的酸度有一定的贡献;深圳有机酸的湿沉降主要集中在夏季,此时酸性物质沉降量大,因此有必要减少夏季深圳有机酸的排放.      

模拟酸雨的土壤淋洗液对马尾松华山松幼苗生长的影响

用不同酸度的模拟酸雨土壤淋洗液作培养液，以中性降水土壤淋洗液作对照，研究了马尾松、华山松幼苗受土壤溶液酸度及Ａｌ３＋浓度毒害的症状。观测了受毒害后的可视性症状出现的时间、根系伸长生长受阻的情况、植物体各部分生物量以及一些物质含量的浓度。结果表明，植物体受土壤溶液中各种浓度的Ｈ＋与Ａｌ３＋影响后，普遍出现根部膨胀、植物体发红的受害症状。低酸度模拟酸雨的土壤淋洗液可在一定时间内使幼苗生物量呈增加的趋势，高酸度模拟酸雨处理后的情况则与之相反。与可视性症状相比，植物体中一些物质的含量对Ｈ＋和Ａｌ３＋浓度更加敏感；根系部分敏感于地上部分；华山松敏感于马尾松。     

基于遗传算法的人工神经网络在降水酸度预测中的应用

在误差反向传播(Back Propagation)算法的人工神经网络结构模型的基础上，应用遗传算法训练神经网络权重，实现网络结构的优化。用优化后的BP人工神经网络建立了江西省南昌市的降水酸度预测模型。并将该模型预测结果与BP算法和多元线性回归法的预测结果进行了比较。检验结果表明：基于遗传算法的人工神经网络优于BP算法及多元线性回归法，具有良好的预测效果。     

综合分析包头市大气降水酸度的影响因素

本文通过 8年大气降水资料的统计分析 ,得出影响包头市大气降水酸度的主要因素是二氧化硫的排放。文中详细分析了二氧化硫排放和大气降水酸度的对应关系 ,也对影响降水酸度的其它因素作了浅析。提出了包头市二氧化硫污染控制的必要性和重要性     

Elements Influencing Cost Allocation in the Pinal Creek Aquifer,Arizona, USA. Part II: Geochemical Controls on Groundwater Quality Recovery

This is the second article in a three-part series (all published in this volume) describing the framework used to quantitatively allocate mass loading of metals to the Pinal Creek alluvial aquifer among multiple sources. This contribution describes the formation of, and zonations within, the 20 km plume, which consists of a Peripheral Margin (pH > 5.5), the Intermediate Zone (pH 4.2–5.5), and an Acidic Core (pH < 4.2), where metal-bearing iron oxyhydroxides and acid-bearing minerals (jarosite, Al[OH]SO₄, and FeSO₄ cements) have precipitated. While source remediation has improved groundwater quality, temporal reductions in solute concentrations at downgradient wells exhibit asymptotic behavior due to ongoing dissolution of acid-bearing precipitates, demonstrating that the total mass of metals released to the system over the last 75 years will dictate the ultimate remedial duration and cost. Column experiments, geochemical modeling, and analysis of empirical data indicate a minimum range of remedial time frames from about 20 years in the Peripheral Margin to more than 140 years in the Acidic Core. This analysis comprises a hitherto neglected element of cost allocation by causatively linking historical releases to the current and future environmental degradation that will incur response costs.     

Soilaluminum, Iron, and Phosphorus Dynamics in Response to Long-Term Experimental Nitrogen and Sulfur Additions at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine, USA

Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) containing compounds affects soil chemistry in forested ecosystems through (1) acidification and the depletion of base cations, (2) metal mobilization, particularly aluminum (Al), and iron (Fe), (3) phosphorus (P) mobilization, and (4) N accumulation. The Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM) is a long-term paired whole-watershed experimental acidification study demonstrating evidence of each of these acidification characteristics in a northeastern U.S. forested ecosystem. In 2003, BBWM soils were studied using the Hedley fractionation procedure to better understand mechanisms of response in soil Al, Fe, and P chemistry. Soil P fractionation showed that recalcitrant P was the dominant fraction in these watersheds (49%), followed by Al and Fe associated P (24%), indicating that a majority of the soil P was biologically unavailable. Acidification induced mobilization of Al and Fe in these soils holds the potential for significant P mobilization. Forest type appears to exert important influences on metal and P dynamics. Soils supporting softwoods showed evidence of lower Al and Fe in the treated watershed, accompanied by lower soil P. Hardwood soils had higher P concentrations in surface soils as a result of increased biocycling in response to N additions in treatments. Accelerated P uptake and return in litterfall overshadowed acidification induced P mobilization and depletion mechanisms in hardwoods.     

ABR反应器处理低浓度污水启动试验研究

为了探讨了四室ABR反应器启动规律,以低浓度污水为研究对象,通过控制酸化菌INT比脱氢酶活性、酸化率、OLR和H RT来实现反应器内部微生物相分离。结果表明:在水力停留时间3h,有机负荷2.4kgCOD/(m 3.d)条件下,酸化菌INT比脱氢酶活性与酸化率有关,且随流向逐渐降低,同一格室内中部比INT脱氢酶活性高于底部;一室、二室的酸化率占总酸化率的70%,确定一、二室为产酸反应器,三、四室为产甲烷反应器,实现了微生物相分离;反应器的启动时间为18d,稳定运行时,COD去除率可以达到35%￣40%。     

Critical Loads Exceedances in Germany and their Dependence on the Scale of Input Data

Critical load exceedances have been used as an effects-related parameter for guiding international air emission control negotiations. High-resolution critical load data are combined with low-resolution deposition data.This article shows that doing so systematicallyunderestimates `true' critical load exceedances as obtainedfrom combining critical load and deposition data of identicalhigh spatial resolution. 95th percentile critical loadexceedances in EMEP grids based on high resolution depositiondata are 60 and 150% higher (mean values for nutrientnitrogen and acidity, respectively) than critical loadexceedances based on the low resolution EMEP depositionmodel. The latter are used in international negotiations. Differences in individual EMEP grid squares vary betweeninsignificantly different from zero and 340%, depending onregional deposition and critical load characteristics andcritical load types (nutrient nitrogen versus acidity).Exceedances based on high-resolution deposition values arealso compared to EMEP grid averages of these values forforests only. This comparison excludes the effect ofsystematically higher depositions to forests. Still, thescale difference of (averaged, low-resolution) deposition and(high-resolution) critical loads data yields underestimatesof the 95th percentiles by on average ca. 20%.These systematic errors due to the scale dependence should beborne in mind when interpreting effects of internationalemission control measures.     

火焰原子吸收法测定总铬的最佳酸度条件选择

对火焰原子吸收法测定总铬的酸度介质条件进行了分析和论述。通过在不同的盐酸介质条件下对总铬的实际测定，选择出最适宜的盐酸介质条件，降低了测定空白值，使方法的测定灵敏度有了显著提高。