燃煤电厂的碳减排技术

介绍了燃煤电厂应对气候变化采取的CO2减排技术路线和适合燃煤电厂的CO2捕集技术,调查了对当前燃煤电厂捕碳项目和清洁煤技术的发展情况.     

复合纳米微粒修饰碳糊电极方波伏安法检测水中甲基对硫磷

采用溶胶-凝胶法合成纳米ZrO2,将其混合在石墨粉和碳纳米管（CNTs）中,利用硅油做粘合剂,制得一次性有机磷农药（OPs）检测碳糊电极（CNTs/ZrO2│CPE）,并对水中甲基对硫磷（MP）进行了检测.采用扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线荧光光谱（XRFS）表征电极的制备过程,采用循环伏安（CV）法和方波伏安（SWV）法...     

The effects of forest harvest intensity in combination with wind disturbance on carbon dynamics in Lake States Mesic Forests

Total forest carbon (C) storage is determined by succession, disturbances, climate, and the edaphic properties of a site or region. Forest harvesting substantially affects C dynamics; these effects may be amplified if forest harvesting is intensified to provide biofuel feedstock. We tested the effects of harvest intensity on landscape C using a simulation modeling approach that included C dynamics, multiple disturbances, and successional changes in composition. We developed a new extension for the LANDIS-II forest landscape disturbance and succession model that incorporates belowground soil C dynamics derived from the CENTURY soil model. The extension was parameterized and calibrated using data from an experimental forest in northeastern Wisconsin, USA. We simulated a 9800 ha forested landscape over 400 years with wind disturbance combined with no harvesting, harvesting with residual slash left on site (‘standard harvest’), and whole-tree harvesting. We also simulated landscapes without wind disturbance and without eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) to examine the effects of detrital quantity and quality on C dynamics. We estimated changes in live C, detrital C, soil organic C, total C, and forest composition. Overall, the simulations without harvesting had substantially greater total C and continued to sequester C. Standard harvest simulations had more C than the whole tree harvest simulations. Under both harvest regimes, C accrual was not evident after 150 years. Without hemlock, SOC was reduced due to a decline in detritus and a shift in detrital chemistry. In conclusion, if the intensity of harvesting increases we can expect a corresponding reduction in potential C storage. Compositional changes due to historic circumstances (loss of hemlock) may also affect forest C although to a lesser degree than harvesting. The modeling approach presented enabled us to consider multiple, interacting drivers of landscape change and the subsequent changes in forest C.     

The Al Gore effect: An Inconvenient Truth and voluntary carbon offsets

This paper examines the relationship between climate change awareness and household behavior by testing whether Al Gore's documentary An Inconvenient Truth caused an increase in the purchase of voluntary carbon offsets. I find that in the two months following the film's release, zip codes within a 10-mile radius of a zip code where the film was shown experienced a 50 percent relative increase in the purchase of voluntary carbon offsets. During other times, offset purchasing patterns for zip codes inside the 10-mile radius were similar to the patterns of zip codes outside the 10-mile radius. There is, however, little evidence that individuals who purchased an offset due to the film purchased them again a year later.     

复合光催化剂(TiO2/多壁碳纳米管)制备工艺条件对甲基橙光催化降解动力学的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法在不同条件下制备了多壁碳纳米管(MwCNTs)负载纳米TiO2的复合光催化剂(TiO2/MWCNTs).以偶氮类染料甲基橙为模拟污染物,研究不同制备工艺参数的复合光催化剂对甲基橙的光催化降解动力学的影响.对TiO2/MWCNTs的表征结果表明,纳米TiO2较好地分散在多壁碳纳米管表面;随着温度的升高,复...     

大亚湾和四十里湾附近海域表层沉积物中无机碳形态研究

采用连续浸取法对位于亚热带的大亚湾和温带的四十里湾附近海域的表层沉积物样品中无机碳的赋存形态进行了研究,将无机碳分为可交换态（NaCl相）、弱碱浸取态（NH.3H2O相）、强碱浸取态（NaOH相）、弱酸浸取态（NH2OH.HCl相）和残渣态,测定了相关地球化学参数粒度组成和总有机碳（TOC）.结果表明,NH2OH.HC...     

Integrating soil carbon cycling with that of nitrogen and phosphorus in the watershed model SWAT: Theory and model testing

In this paper we describe and test a sub-model that integrates the cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed model. The core of the sub-model is a multi-layer, one-pool soil organic carbon (S_C) algorithm, in which the decomposition rate of S_C and input rate to S_C (through decomposition and humification of residues) depend on the current size of S_C. The organic N and P fluxes are coupled to that of C and depend on the available mineral N and P, and the C:N and N:P ratios of the decomposing pools. Tillage explicitly affects the soil organic matter turnover rate through tool-specific coefficients. Unlike most models, the turnover of soil organic matter does not follow first order kinetics. Each soil layer has a specific maximum capacity to accumulate C or C saturation (S_x) that depends on texture and controls the turnover rate. It is shown in an analytical solution that S_x is a parameter with major influence in the model C dynamics. Testing with a 65-yr data set from the dryland wheat growing region in Oregon shows that the model adequately simulates the S_C dynamics in the topsoil (top 0.3 m) for three different treatments. Three key model parameters, the optimal decomposition and humification rates and a factor controlling the effect of soil moisture and temperature on the decomposition rate, showed low uncertainty as determined by generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation. Nonetheless, the parameter set that provided accurate simulations in the topsoil tended to overestimate S_C in the subsoil, suggesting that a mechanism that expresses at depth might not be represented in the current sub-model structure. The explicit integration of C, N, and P fluxes allows for a more cohesive simulation of nutrient cycling in the SWAT model. The sub-model has to be tested in forestland and rangeland in addition to agricultural land, and in diverse soils with extreme properties such high or low pH, an organic horizon, or volcanic soils.     

氮沉降对森林土壤碳收支机制的影响

森林土壤储存着全球陆地生态系统大约45%的碳,在维持全球碳平衡方面具有重要的作用。不断加剧的全球氮沉降对森林生态系统碳循环和碳吸存产生了深刻的影响,进而改变了森林生态系统的生产力和生物量积累。本文以欧洲和北美温带地区开展的有关氮沉降对森林生态系统影响的研究为基础,提炼出最可能决定加氮影响碳输入、输出效应方向和大小的因素：凋落物分解、细根周转、外生菌根真菌、土壤呼吸及可溶性有机碳淋失,并探讨了森林生态系统碳动态对氮沉降响应的不确定性。陆地生态系统碳氮循环密切相关,由于氮循环的复杂性,尽管以往碳循环研究都考虑了氮对碳循环的限制作用,但在碳氮循环耦合机理方面的研究还比较少见。在未来研究中,应通过探寻森林土壤碳氮相互作用特征,及土壤微生物、土壤酶等与土壤碳氮过程的互动机制,来增进氮沉降对森林碳储量和碳通量的理解。     

温度和氮素输入对青藏高原三种高寒草地土壤碳矿化的影响

选取了海北高寒草甸、那曲高寒草原和当雄高寒湿地3种典型高寒草地生态系统类型为研究对象,采集了表层0~10 cm土壤,在实验室内进行可控温度下的碳矿化培养实验。结果表明,青藏高原土壤碳矿化在不同高寒草地类型间存在显著差异（P≤0.05）。在较低的温度下,高寒湿地土壤的碳矿化速率显著低于高寒草甸土壤,而温度在15℃左右时,高寒湿地土的碳矿化速率略高于高寒草甸土壤,当温度处于较高的水平时（〉20℃）,高寒湿地土壤碳矿化速率远高于高寒草甸土壤,高寒湿地土壤碳矿化的Q10显著大于高寒草甸。无论是低温还是较高的温度,高寒草原土壤碳矿化速率最低,数值范围也最窄。高寒草甸和高寒湿地土壤碳矿化均受温度的显著影响（P≤0.05）,其速率均跟温度呈现一级指数函数方程关系,而高寒草原土壤碳矿化速率与温度间未呈现明显的函数关系,但不同温度间的土壤碳矿化速率存在显著差异。氮素输入对高寒草甸和高寒湿地土壤碳矿化的影响不明显,但显著促进了高寒草原土壤碳矿化作用。     

植物碳酸酐酶对岩溶作用的影响及其生态效应

广泛存在各种类型生物细胞中的碳酸酐酶（cA）,通过催化C02和HCO3^-之间的相互转化,驱动岩溶过程。文章通过分析我国西南典型岩溶区植物叶片和根系CA活性,探讨其与岩溶作用的相互关系,结果表明：岩溶生态系统中植物的碳酸酐酶活性差异较大,并在植物的生长期发生变动,植株根系CA活性〉成熟叶片CA活性,因而在土壤水分充足的条件下．根系分泌的CA催化CO2＋H2O←→HCO3^-＋H^＋过程,促进石灰岩溶解,加快成土速率,并通过固定根呼吸和土壤微生物分解所释放的CO2产生岩溶碳汇效应;非岩溶生态系统由于土壤碳酸钙含量低,造成植物根系CA表达活性较低。