木醋液酸化生物炭与氮素配施对盐渍土壤活性氮及氨挥发的影响

以盐渍土壤为研究对象,通过吸附试验和室内土壤培养试验,分析生物炭及木醋液酸化生物炭与尿素配施后对盐渍土壤活性氮、脲酶活性和氨挥发的影响,为提高盐渍土壤氮素有效性提供理论和技术支撑.吸附试验表明,木醋液酸化生物炭提高了对铵态氮的吸附量,与生物炭相比,提高了2.28%～18.18%.土壤培养试验表明,与单施尿素处理相比,生物炭和木醋液酸化生物炭与尿素配施处理使土壤硝态氮、铵态氮分别减少了0.72%和25.26%、 1.11%和16.93%;提高了土壤可溶性有机氮和可溶性全氮含量.木醋液酸化生物炭与尿素配施提高了脲酶活性,而生物炭与尿素配施处理则降低了土壤脲酶活性.木醋液酸化生物炭与尿素配施处理氨挥发累积量在不同培养时期均低于单施尿素处理及生物炭与尿素配施处理,且能降低土壤的pH,而未改性的生物炭则提高了土壤pH.因此,在盐渍土区,采用木醋液对生物炭进行酸化后再与氮肥配合施用,不仅有效降低了土壤pH,提高土壤脲酶活性以及可溶性有机氮含量,还可以适当降低土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量,减少氨挥发,有利于减少土壤无机氮素的损失和提高盐渍土壤氮素有效性.     

生物除磷及其新工艺

针对我国当前水体富营养化严重，污水除磷要求高的现状，重点分析生物除磷的机理和影响生物除磷的因素，为城市污水推荐一种生物除磷的新工艺。     

淘汰落后产能政策对我国重点工业行业二噁英类减排的影响

淘汰落后产能可以显著降低由工业热过程排放的非故意产生类持久性有机物染物.对该类政策带来的二噁英类污染物减排进行估算可以客观评价我国在履行《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》所做出的努力和贡献.作者曾对2006~2010年间淘汰落后产能政策的减排影响作过分析,本研究拟在此基础上根据我国2010~2013年关停的落后产能情况,估算得出电力行业、焦炭行业和钢铁行业(含铁合金)由于关闭落后产能累计带来的二噁英类向大气减排(以I-TEQ计,下同)分别约86.13、133.94和78.78 g·a-1.除了上述提到的重点工业部门,关闭落后产能涉及到的水泥、电石、金属冶炼、造纸等行业也会由于政策的实施而减少二噁英类的排放,该研究为以后进行全面评估提供了思路和方法支持.     

电化学氧化法处理模拟黄连素制药废水的研究

以RuO2/Ti为阳极,研究了电化学氧化法对黄连素制药废水的处理效果.通过比较在KCI与K2SO42种支持电解质体系中的处理效果,同时考察了电流强度、初始pH、电解质浓度和电极间距等因素对废水中黄连素及COD去除率的影响,明确了电化学原位生成活性氯是黄连素降解的主要原因;确定了电流强度、pH、电解质浓度和电极间距等最优...     

富里酸在水体多环芳烃光化学降解中的作用

以氙灯作为模拟光源,对水相中5种不同来源、不同浓度富里酸(FA)在5种PAHs光解中的作用进行了比较分析;并通过活性氧的捕获探讨了FA在PAHs光解中的作用.结果表明,不同来源FA的结构及其对PAHs光解的影响具有较高的一致性.在低浓度(1.25 mg·L-1)体系中FA对二氢苊、芴、菲的光解表现出不同程度的抑制作用,而对荧蒽和芘的光解则表现出一定的促进作用;随着体系中FA浓度的升高,其对PAHs的光解总体上呈抑制趋势.FA的存在一方面促进了单线态氧和羟基自由基的生成,强化了PAHs的活性氧光解进程;另一方面FA也可以参与PAHs分子的能量竞争.     

焦炉烟气中复杂有机污染物筛选研究(I):采样技术与方法

借鉴国内外典型烟气采样装置 ,设计出多级串联采样装置。它将多种过滤、吸附材料联合使用 ,具有一次采集有机污染物种类全 ,数量多 ,结构简单 ,操作方便 ,适用范围广等特点 ,实际采集鞍钢焦炉烟气样品 ,效果很好。     

仿酶型Fe_3O_4/焦炭非均相降解P-NP研究

采用原位氧化沉淀法制备出仿酶型Fe_3O_4/焦炭,并将其作为非均相类Fenton催化剂用于对硝基苯酚(P-NP)废水的降解;采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和红外光谱(FTIR)对样品进行表征。表征结果表明,Fe_3O_4牢固地负载在焦炭上,并有利于Fe_3O_4的分散及粒径的减小。实验结果表明,催化剂降解P-NP的最佳条件为:催化剂投加量1.2 g/L,[H2O2]=30 mmol/L,p H=3.0,温度30℃,P-NP的去除率达到99%。Fe_3O_4/焦炭结构稳定,可再生使用。     

Improvement of driver active interventions during automated driving by displaying trajectory pointers—A driving simulator study

Abstract

Objective: The handover of vehicle control from automated to manual operation is a critical aspect of interaction between drivers and automated driving systems (ADS). In some cases, it is possible that the ADS may fail to detect an object. In this event, the driver must be aware of the situation and resume control of the vehicle without assistance from the system. Consequently, the driver must fulfill the following 2 main roles while driving: (1) monitor the vehicle trajectory and surrounding traffic environment and (2) actively take over vehicle control if the driver identifies a potential issue along the trajectory. An effective human–machine interface (HMI) is required that enables the driver to fulfill these roles. This article proposes an HMI that constantly indicates the future position of the vehicle.

Methods: This research used the Toyota Dynamic Driving Simulator to evaluate the effect of the proposed HMI and compares the proposed HMI with an HMI that notifies the driver when the vehicle trajectory changes. A total of 48 test subjects were divided into 2 groups of 24: One group used the HMI that constantly indicated the future position of the vehicle and the other group used the HMI that provided information when the vehicle trajectory changed.

The following instructions were given to the test subjects: (1) to not hold the steering wheel and to allow the vehicle to drive itself, (2) to constantly monitor the surrounding traffic environment because the functions of the ADS are limited, and (3) to take over driving if necessary.

The driving simulator experiments were composed of an initial 10-min acclimatization period and a 10-min evaluation period. Approximately 10?min after the start of the evaluation period, a scenario occurred in which the ADS failed to detect an object on the vehicle trajectory, potentially resulting in a collision if the driver did not actively take over control and manually avoid the object.

Results: The collision avoidance rate of the HMI that constantly indicated the future position of the vehicle was higher than that of the HMI that notified the driver of trajectory changes, χ² = 6.38, P < .05. The steering wheel hands-on and steering override timings were also faster with the proposed HMI (t test; P < .05).

Conclusions: This research confirmed that constantly indicating the position of the vehicle several seconds in the future facilitates active driver intervention when an ADS is in operation.     

吹脱法预处理焦化废水中氨氮的条件试验与工程应用

针对焦化废水中氨氮对后续生物处理严重冲击的问题,利用实际废水作为研究对象,在试验规模的反应器中研究了废水温度、气液比、吹脱时间和pH值等参数对氨氮吹脱去除率的影响。利用所建立的优化操作条件在70m3/h规模的实际焦化废水处理工程实践中,对氨氮的处理效率稳定在68%~85%。对后续生物处理过程基本不构成影响。     

含油污泥焦化液相油收率影响因素研究

油田产生的高含油污泥,采用催化焦化的方法进行处理,回收其中的原油,分析了影响含油污泥焦化液相油收率的主要因素,采用正交和单因素实验方法对各因素进行考察,确定了高液相油收率的含油污泥焦化操作条件;处理后的焦化固体产物能够达到农用污泥标准。