陕西绥德地区黄土-古土壤序列地球化学特征及其环境指示意义

黄土高原北部的绥德地区处于干旱-半干旱地区,对环境变化的响应十分敏感,通过对黄土-古土壤的研究对比可以探索该区的古环境气候特征、环境变化信息等相关问题.本文对绥德黄土-古土壤进行常量、微量、稀土元素测试分析,并与其他地区黄土的地球化学特征进行了对比.结果 表明:绥德地区黄土-古土壤的主要化学成分以SiO2、Al2O3、...     

气相色谱法测定室内空气中挥发性卤代烃

建立了活性炭吸附-溶剂解吸-气相色谱测定室内空气中7种挥发性卤代烃的分析方法。样品经活性炭采样管富集后,用二硫化碳解吸,Agilent HP-1色谱柱分离,使用带有电子捕获检测器的气相色谱仪测定,以保留时间定性,外标法定量。当采样体积为10 L时,方法检出限范围是0.03~0.18 g/m3,加标回收率在72%~114%之间,相对标准偏差小于15%。结果表明,该方法可以应用于室内空气中痕量挥发性卤代烃样品的检测分析。     

Strategic Environmental Assessment： A New Tool for Ecological Urbanization of Coastal Cities in China

Recently, there has been growing concerns about environmental issues related to urbanization in China. The intense natural resources utilization and increasing population has brought great pressure, especially in coastal areas, consequently affecting the sustainable development of coastal cities. In 2002, Environmental Impact Assessment Act （EIA Act） was enacted in China. Environmental impact assessment targeted at planning, one level of strategic environmental assessment （SEA）, thus became a legislative requirement. This paper considers SEA to be one of the important approaches not only to control coastal pollution, but also to conserve coastal ecosystems and finally to achieve sustainable development during urbanization, thus it will be a set an example for other areas of China. The experience of SEA in Xiamen, a coastal city in southeast China, illustrates the potentials of SEA. This paper first briefly introduces the concept and potentials of SEA, then compares two SEA cases and a project EIA case in Xiamen, and finally identifies the key characteristics of SEA.     

湖北野生食果资源特点及其开发途径

野生食果为营养丰富的食用资源植物。在深入调查的基础上，分析了湖北野生食果资源的特点，提出了野生食果资源开发的对策以及产品深加工的途径，为野生食果资源的开发利用打下了坚实的基础。     

活性污泥对四环素的吸附性能研究

通过批量平衡法研究了四环素在活性污泥上的吸附行为.结果表明,污泥混合液浓度和四环素初始浓度对吸附平衡时间、污泥吸附量和污泥吸附率均有较大影响.伪二级反应动力学模型较伪一级反应动力学模型更符合本吸附实验.在10、25℃条件下,四环素在活性污泥上的吸附行为较符合Langmuir模型,最大吸附量分别是31.14、70.95 mg.g-1;在40℃下,符合Henry模型.应用D-R模型判定吸附类型,10℃(平均吸附能为9.13 kJ.mol-1)下,化学吸附占主导;40℃(平均吸附能为7.07 kJ.mol-1)下,物理吸附占主导.温度升高,污泥对四环素的吸附能力增大.离子交换是四环素在活性污泥上吸附的一种机制.四环素的初始浓度为5、10、20 mg.L-1,钠离子浓度由0 mol.L-1增加到0.1 mol.L-1时,吸附量分别下降15.32%、15.00%、20.12%.当pH在5～10之间时,pH为6的条件下污泥对四环素的吸附量最大.     

Degradation of pyrene by immobilized microorganisms in saline-alkaline soil

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is very difficult in saline-alkaline soil due to the inhibition of microbial growth under saline-alkaline stress. The microorganisms that can most effectively degrade PAHs were screened by introducing microorganisms immobilized on farm byproducts and assessing the validity of the immobilizing technique for PAHs degradation in pyrene-contaminated saline-alkaline soil. Among the microorganisms examined, it was found that Mycobacterium sp. B2 is the best, and can degrade 82.2% and 83.2% of pyrene for free and immobilized cells after 30 days of incubation. The immobilization technique could increase the degradation of pyrene significantly, especially for fungi. The degradation of pyrene by the immobilized microorganisms Mucor sp. F2, fungal consortium MF and co-cultures of MB+MF was increased by 161.7% (P < 0.05), 60.1% (P < 0.05) and 59.6% (P < 0.05) after 30 days, respectively, when compared with free F2, MF and MB+MF. Scanning electron micrographs of the immobilized microstructure proved the positive effects of the immobilized microbial technique on pyrene remediation in saline-alkaline soil, as the interspace of the carrier material structure was relatively large, providing enough space for cell growth. Co-cultures of different bacterial and fungal species showed different abilities to degrade PAHs. The present study suggests that Mycobacterium sp. B2 can be employed for in situ bioremediation of PAHs in saline-alkaline soil, and immobilization of fungi on farm byproducts and nutrients as carriers will enhance fungus PAH-degradation ability in saline-alkaline soil.     

Pb2+对城市污水处理厂污泥中苏云金芽孢杆菌发酵的影响

以城市污水处理厂污泥为培养基,研究了添加Pb2+对Bt(Bacillus thuringiensis,苏云金芽孢杆菌)生长和晶体蛋白合成的影响,同时分析了Bt发酵过程中有效态Pb含量(以ρ计)的变化,并采用FTIR(傅立叶红外光谱)和XPS(X射线光电子能谱),初步探讨了Pb2+在Bt表面的作用机制.结果表明:污泥培养基在支持Bt生长代谢和降低重金属有效态含量方面均优于商用培养基,当初始ρ(Pb2+)高达400 mg/L时,与未添加Pb2+相比,污泥培养基中Bt活菌数与晶体蛋白产量约分别下降48%和54%,而商用培养基中约分别下降82%和75%,证实了污泥作为Bt发酵培养基的可行性;Bt对Pb2+有较好的耐受性,当ρ(有效态Pb)在80 mg/L以下时,Bt生长代谢不会受到显著影响.光谱学分析表明,Bt对Pb2+有少量吸附,从而降低Bt发酵过程中Pb的生物有效性,吸附位点主要为羟基,部分C O和S O也参与了吸附反应.     

丽江盆地地表-地下水的水化学特征及其控制因素

2008年11月～2009年10月在丽江盆地-玉龙雪山地区采集白水河、三束河、哥吉河、束河河水及流域内地下水样品,使用离子色谱法分析了样品主要阴阳离子含量,研究了岩溶地区地表及地下水体的水化学特征、季节变化及其控制因素.结果表明,研究区水体均呈现弱碱性,主要离子组成以Ca2+和HCO3-为主,分别占阳离子和阴离子总量的54.8%和92.4%;不同季节河水的离子浓度差别较大,季风期离子浓度仅为西风期离子浓度的80%左右,表明季风期丰沛的大气降水输入对河水离子特征有较为显著的影响;河水离子浓度普遍低于盆地地下水主要阴阳离子浓度;河水和地下水的无机离子浓度都呈现出从高海拔到低海拔离子含量递增的规律.碳酸盐的风化溶解作用是水体离子的主要来源,季风期降水对水体的离子特征也有一定的影响,人类活动对人类聚居区部分天然水体已造成轻度污染.     

活性焦负载MnO2对气态Hg0的吸附脱除研究

研究了活性焦(AC)及负载MnO2的活性焦(MnO2/AC)对气态Hg0的吸附脱除,发现负载MnO2到AC明显提高了其对Hg0的吸附脱除能力.考察了MnO2负载量、温度、Hg0浓度和烟气成分等对MnO2/AC吸附脱除Hg0的影响.结果表明,MnO2/AC对Hg0的吸附脱除能力随MnO2负载量的增加而增强;在120～200℃的温度范围内,随着温度升高,MnO2/AC对Hg0的吸附脱除能力增强;O2和HCl对MnO2/AC吸附脱除Hg0具有促进作用,而SO2和H2O具有抑制作用.SEM-EDX和逐级化学提取结果证实,MnO2将Hg0催化氧化为HgO并吸附在AC上,这是MnO2/AC具有较高的吸附脱除Hg0能力的原因.     

Adsorption characteristics and mechanism of Cr （Ⅵ） on chitoan-yttrium porous microsphere

以壳聚糖和Y2（OH）5NO3为原料通过乳液交联法制备了壳聚糖-钇（Ch—Y）复合微球,通过扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射、红外光谱等方法对其表面形貌、结构进行了表征.探讨了溶液的pH值、反应时间、投加量、离子初始浓度对其吸附性能的影响.研究结果表明,壳聚糖-钇（Ch—Y）复合微球在pH值为3的酸性环境中对Cr（Ⅵ）保持了较高的吸附能力,吸附容量为52.39mg·g-1,其吸附行为符合Langmuir吸附等温模型;通过吸附机理的研究,发现壳聚糖-钇（Ch—Y）对Cr（Ⅵ）吸附是化学吸附静电吸附协同氧化Cr（Ⅵ）离子作用来实现的.