Removal of Eu3+, Ce3+, Sr2+, and Cs+ ions from radioactive waste solutions by modified activated carbon prepared from coconut shells

As a biomass agricultural waste material, coconut shells were used for the preparation of high-quality modified activated carbon. Chemical modification of the surface of the prepared activated carbon is done by oxidation using H₂O₂ and HNO₃, respectively. The surface area and pore volume of the coconut shells activated carbon are increased by the chemical modification, and followingly the removal of the metals is improved. The structural morphology and composition of the modified activated carbon coconut shells (MACCS) were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, thermogravimetric analysis–differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analysis (SAA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur (CHNS) elemental analysis. The prepared MACCS has reasonably good chemical stability. The influence of solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, adsorption temperature, initial metal concentrations, and interfering ions on the adsorption performance of the investigated ions onto the prepared sorbent was examined by a batch method. The selectivity sequence for sorption of Eu³⁺, Ce³⁺, Sr²⁺, and Cs⁺ ions on MACCS was found to be Eu^3+?>?Ce^3+?>?Sr^2+?>?Cs⁺. The saturation capacities of MACCS for the studied metal ions were found to be 136.84, 85.55, 69.85, and 60.00?mg?g^?1 for Eu³⁺, Ce³⁺, Sr²⁺, and Cs⁺ ions, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters, ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG° were also evaluated.     

左氧氟沙星在蒙脱石存在条件下对大肠杆菌的毒性效应

采用批实验研究了蒙脱石对左氧氟沙星的吸附机理及对左氧氟沙星抗菌作用的影响。结果表明,中性条件下存在培养基时,左氧氟沙星在蒙脱石上前2 h即达到吸附平衡,吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附方程,吸附率达90%以上;蒙脱石吸附左氧氟沙星存在阳离子交换作用、氢键作用、疏水作用、阳离子键桥作用、静电吸附作用等物理化学过程;蒙脱石本身不具有抑菌、杀菌活性,且由于蒙脱石增大了微生物附着的比表面积,在特定情况下可以促进微生物的生长;扣除其对微生物生长的促进作用后,蒙脱石吸附左氧氟沙星降低了后者的毒性效应,其抑菌率降低约25%。上述结果为进一步研究抗生素在环境中的毒理效应提供了基础依据。     

Chemical characteristics of fine particulate matter emitted from commercial cooking

The chemical characteristics of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) emitted from commercial cooking were explored in this study. Three typical commercial restaurants in Shanghai, i.e., a Shanghai-style one (SHS), a Sichuan-style one (SCS) and an Italian-style one (ITS), were selected to conduct PM_2.5 sampling. Particulate organic matter (POM) was found to be the predominant contributor to cooking-related PM_2.5 mass in all the tested restaurants, with a proportion of 69.1% to 77.1%. Specifically, 80 trace organic compounds were identified and quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), which accounted for 3.8%–6.5% of the total PM_2.5 mass. Among the quantified organic compounds, unsaturated fatty acids had the highest concentration, followed by saturated fatty acids. Comparatively, the impacts of other kinds of organic compounds were much smaller. Oleic acid was the most abundant single species in both SCS and ITS. However, in the case of SHS, linoleic acid was the richest one. ITS produced a much larger mass fraction of most organic species in POM than the two Chinese cooking styles except for monosaccharide anhydrides and sterols. The results of this study could be utilized to explore the contribution of cooking emissions to PM_2.5 pollution and to develop the emission inventory of PM_2.5 from cooking, which could then help the policymakers design efficient treatment measures and control strategies on cooking emissions in the future.     

The prediction of adsorption isotherms of ester vapors on hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent

Adsorption isotherms of methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate and ethyl propionate on hypercrosslinked polymeric resin (ND- 100) were measured at 303K, 318K and 333K,respectively, and well fitted by Dubinin–Astakhov (DA) equation. The plots of the adsorbed volume (q _v ) versus the adsorption potential (ε) at three different temperatures all fell basically onto one single curve for every ester. A predicted model based on DA equation was obtained on the basis of adsorption equilibrium data of methyl acetate, ethyl acetate and ethyl propionate at 318K. The model equation successfully predicted the adsorption isotherms of methyl acetate, ethyl acetate and ethyl propionate on ND-100 at 303K, and 333K, and also gave accurate predictive results for adsorption isotherms of the other two ester compounds (propyl acetate and isopropyl acetate) on ND-100 at 303K, 318K and 333K. The results proved the effectiveness of DA model for predicting the adsorption isotherms of ester compounds onto ND-100. In addition, the relationship between physico-chemical properties of adsorbates and their adsorption properties was also investigated. The results showed that molecular weight, molar volume and molar polarizability had good linear correlations with the parameter E (which represents adsorption characteristic energy) of DA equation.     

基于SWAT模型的青山湖流域氮污染时空分布特征研究

基于SWAT模型构建了青山湖流域的氮负荷模型,利用2005~2011年的径流观测资料和2011年7月15日~8月4日的水质监测资料对模型进行率定和验证.青山湖流域氮污染的主要来源包括农田化肥、农村生活、畜禽养殖、城镇点源及湿沉降,其中对流域出口TN浓度贡献最大的来源是化肥施用,占34.3%.对流域现状氮负荷的时空分布特征进行分析,结果表明:NO3--N流失量的时空分布特征明显,6~9月的流失量最大,占62.5%,空间上中部流失量比西北部自然林区域大,坡面流是NO3--N主要流失途径;有机氮流失量较大的区域主要分布在中部农田比例较高的子流域.研究结果可为流域的氮污染控制和研究提供科学依据.     

改性核桃壳对石油烃类物质的吸附试验研究

为了研究改性制备核桃壳对石油烃吸附程度,以化学改性制备核桃壳为吸附剂,考察了溶液p H值、时间和温度对改性核桃壳吸附石油烃效果的影响。结果表明:当温度为298 K,p H为7.0,0.2 g改性核桃壳吸附处理100 m L浓度为60 mg/L的柴油溶液,80 min后吸附量最大,可达到12.57 mg/g。该吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,其相关系数达到0.9999。在3种温度(298,308,318 K)条件下的吸附等温曲线更符合Freundlich模型。通过热力学计算证实,该吸附过程是吸热的、自发的过程,一定程度上的升温有助于石油烃的吸附。     

水培和盆栽条件下碎米莎草对铀的耐受性及富集特征

碎米莎草(Cyperus iria L.)作为铀的超耐受植物,它的发现为探讨铀污染环境的植物修复和铀在植物体中的吸收和耐受机理提供了一种新的资源. 在Hoagland's营养液中加入铀标准溶液模拟铀污染水环境,以及直接在铀尾沙条件分析不同铀供应水平下碎米莎草对铀的耐受性能和富集特征. 结果表明:①碎米莎草对铀的富集特征依赖于生长介质中铀的供应水平和植物生长期等多重因素. 碎米莎草不同生长期各部位w(U)均高于生长介质中的铀供应水平,根系和地上部分w(U)最高可分别达(48 605±1 266)和(824±856)mg/kg. 根、茎和叶中w(U)基本随着铀供应水平的升高而增加,在开花期时较低,根系吸收的铀有1/10~1/5能转移至茎、叶、花籽部位,ρ(U)<250 mg/L的铀溶液对碎米莎草的生长无抑制作用. ②碎米莎草对铀尾沙具有很强的耐受性,但地上部分的富集系数在某些条件下可大于1;地上部分的w(U)在开花期相对较高,至成熟期时下降;在成熟期添加柠檬酸有助于碎米莎草根、茎和叶将铀转移至籽部位.      

TiO2@酵母微球吸附废水中的荧光增白剂-VBL及再生研究

采用静电自组装的方法制备出具有草莓结构的TiO2@酵母微球作为吸附材料,对阴离子型荧光增白剂-VBL(FWA-VBL)废水进行吸附研究,考察了溶液pH、溶液初始浓度和TiO2@酵母投加量对吸附效果的影响.结果表明,酸性条件有利于TiO2@酵母微球对FWA-VBL的吸附,平衡吸附量随着溶液初始浓度的增加而增加,随着TiO2@酵母微球投加量的增加而减小.TiO2@酵母对FWA-VBL的吸附行为更加符合Langmuir等温模型,在温度为323.15K下最大吸附量为167.50mg/g; 吸附动力学符合二级动力学方程; 热力学参数表明吸附过程是自发的吸热过程.归因于光催化-吸附耦合效应,TiO2@酵母微球展现出了良好的原位再生能力.H2O2的添加有助于提高TiO2@酵母微球的再生性能.     

冬季不同污水处理工艺对溶解性有机物的去除

以东北地区4个城市污水处理厂为研究对象,考察冬季不同污水处理工艺对溶解性有机物(DOM)组分的去除效果,以及对DOM组分的光谱学特性和卤代活性的影响.利用XAD树脂将DOM分为5个部分:疏水性有机酸(HPO-A)、疏水性中性有机物(HPO-N)、过渡亲水性有机酸(TPI-A)、过渡亲水性中性有机物(TPI-N)和亲水性有机物(HPI).结果表明,A/O法、曝气生物滤池、浮动填料法和A2/O法对DOM都具有较高的去除能力,其中曝气生物滤池对DOM的处理效果最好.经4种污水处理工艺处理后,5种组分的芳香性和三卤甲烷生成活性(STHMFP)均升高.A2/O法对HPO-A和TPI-A的芳香性增强程度最高,而曝气生物滤池对HPO-N,TPI-N和HPI的芳香性增强程度最高.浮动填料法对HPO-A,TPI-A和HPI的STHMFP升高最显著,A2/O法对HPO-N的STHMFP增加最显著,曝气生物滤池对TPI-N的STHMFP升高最显著.4种污水处理工艺对HPI中荧光物质的去除率高于非荧光物质.而对于其他4种DOM组分来说,不同的污水处理工艺对不同荧光峰的改变不相同.     

活性炭对非离子型表面活性剂中菲的吸附效能

为研究表面活性物质与疏水有机物的分离效能,以TX100(曲拉通100)为代表性的非离子型表面活性剂,以PHE(菲)为代表性的多环芳烃,使用活性炭对二者共存体系进行静态吸附和固定床吸附. 静态吸附结果表明,活性炭对TX100和PHE的吸附均满足Langmuir等温吸附模型和准二阶动力学模型,吸附量分别为437.31和58.86 mg/g. 固定床吸附时,对应于14.7 cm的活性炭柱高,PHE穿透10%和TX100穿透90%的时间分别是420和270 min,从BDST(bed depth service time)模型中可以得到TX100传质区长度小于PHE,这为二者分离提供了条件. 通过活性炭固定床吸附可以在回收90%TX100的同时去除90%PHE,说明吸附法是一种回收表面活性剂的有效方法. 利用微波法再生活性炭,可使购置活性炭的成本降低4/5,进一步提高了回收法的经济性和可行性. 研究表明,活性炭吸附是一种可用于土壤洗涤工艺中回收表面活性剂的有效方法.