Functional magnetic nanoparticles for facile viable but nonculturable bacteria separation and purification

Viable But Nonculturable (VBNC) Bacteria, which represent a unique population of microorganisms in drinking water systems, have become a potential threat to human health. Current studies on VBNC cells usually fail to obtain pure VBNC state bacteria, which may lead to inaccurate results. We therefore introduce a novel method of VBNC cell separation and purification in this paper. PAH-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized and found to be capable of capturing and releasing bacterial cells with high efficiency. With the aid of an additional incubation step, VBNC cells were easily isolated and purified from normal bacteria using functional MNPs. Our method represents a new technique that can be utilized in studies of VBNCs.

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Bioinspired and biomimetic membranes for water purification and chemical separation: A review

•The history of biological and artificial water channels is reviewed. •A comprehensive channel characterization platform is introduced. •Rationale designs and fabrications of biomimetic membranes are summarized. •The advantages, limitations, and challenges of biomimetic membranes are discussed. •The prospect and scalable solutions of biomimetic membranes are discussed. Bioinspired and biomimetic membranes that contain biological transport channels or attain their structural designs from biological systems have been through a remarkable development over the last two decades. They take advantage of the exceptional transport properties of those channels, thus possess both high permeability and selectivity, and have emerged as a promising solution to existing membranes. Since the discovery of biological water channel proteins aquaporins (AQPs), extensive efforts have been made to utilize them to make separation membranes–AQP-based membranes, which have been commercialized. The exploration of AQPs’ unique structures and transport properties has resulted in the evolution of biomimetic separation materials from protein-based to artificial channel-based membranes. However, large-scale, defect-free biomimetic membranes are not available yet. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art biomimetic membranes and summarizes the latest research progress, platform, and methodology. Then it critically discusses the potential routes of this emerging area toward scalable applications. We conclude that an appropriate combination of bioinspired concepts and molecular engineering with mature polymer industry may lead to scalable polymeric membranes with intrinsic selective channels, which will gain the merit of both desired selectivity and scalability.     

RS与GIS支持下的南京市景观格局动态变化研究

利用1986、1994、2000年的TM图像和2000年的土地利用现状图,运用GIS和核心景观指数研究南京市自1986年以来景观格局的动态演变规律。结果表明：南京市在快速城市化的过程中,城市景观结构的变化主要表现为耕地、绿地、水体和未利用地等自然或半自然景观向城市、农村居民地、工矿用地以及交通用地等人文景观转变;景观的多样性增加,斑块的平均面积增大,分离度、破碎度和孔隙度减小,城市的开发趋向有序化、规模化;但由于人类活动作用方式或作用程度的不同,不同的景观类型在同一时间段,或者同一景观类型在不同的时间内空间格局的转变模式不同,1986~1994年城市扩展的速度很快,开发比较混乱,城市、农村居民地和交通用地等人文景观的面积大幅增加,耕地、绿地和未利用地的面积大量减少,斑块分布不均匀,空隙度增加,1994~2000年城市扩展的速度减慢,开发趋向有序化,除耕地外,其他景观类型的分离度、破碎度和孔隙度减小,空间分布趋向均匀。     

铁锰在贵州阿哈湖沉积物中的分离

贵州阿哈湖 1982年扩容后 ,长期受到煤矿废水的污染 ,大量铁、锰元素随废水带入湖中 .研究发现 :主要来自酸性矿山废水的还原态溶解铁、锰离子在入湖向下游迁移过程中发生了显著地分离 .受岩溶地区湖泊较强的酸中和能力及近年人为石灰投放的影响 ,湖泊未被酸化 ,Fe²⁺,Mn²⁺在入湖运移过程中由于氧化速率的差异 ,在不同的湖区发生沉积 ,形成了铁、锰在水平迁移上的明显分离 ;锰在深湖区上层沉积物中富集现象明显 ,并在沉积深度上与铁形成垂向上的显著分离 .经过陆源校正 ,证实铁、锰在阿哈湖的显著分离的开始是对该湖扩容事件的响应 .扩容后下游沉积物中铁含量逐渐减少 ,孔隙水中溶解铁分布特征也指示铁还原作用主要发生在沉积物下层 ,表明铁在沉积后再迁移能力较弱 .锰还原过程则发生在上层沉积物中 ,再迁移能力很强 .本研究还提出了来自煤矿废水的Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺在入湖水平运移过程中 ,铁、锰逐步分离、富集以及在沉积深度上的分离模式 .     

聚合氯化铝中纳米Al13电荷特性及其混凝效果

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶柱层析法分离纯化聚合氯化铝(PAC)中的Al₁₃形态,并采用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法和ZATESIZER 3000HSA测定仪对分离所得纳米Al₁₃形态以及AlCl₃和PAC进行了分析表征和电荷特性的对比性研究;采用烧杯实验法对3个样品处理实际和模拟水样的混凝效果进行了对比性研究.Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法的结果表明,采用层析法分离可得到含量99%左右的纳米Al₁₃形态;电荷特性和混凝效果研究结果表明纳米Al₁₃形态较其它两者具有更好的除浊、除腐殖酸和脱色效果并且具有更强的电中和能力,因此Al₁₃形态是一种具有较高正电荷和较高的水解稳定性,在给水和废水处理中的一种较为有效的Al形态.     

深度处理在给水处理工程中的应用

针对日益恶化的饮用水水源水质,论述了活性炭吸附法、生物活性炭、臭氧处理、膜分离技术、生物预处理法、加强混凝、深度氧化技术的饮用水深度处理技术及特点,介绍了深度处理技术在给水处理工程中的应用现状,并对其发展前景作了展望。     

茚虫威对映体在土壤中的选择性降解

研究了茚虫威在4种不同类型的农田土壤中的降解动态和选择性降解行为.结果表明,添加水平在0.1—5.0 mg.kg-1的条件下,茚虫威对映体在土壤中添加回收率在(78.56±3.16)%—(108.16±5.32)%之间,最低检测限为0.01 mg.kg-1,定量限为0.05 mg.kg-1.茚虫威在土壤中的消解符合一级动力学规律,消解过程受土壤pH值、有机质含量等因素的影响.茚虫威对映体在1#—4#土壤中的降解速率存在明显的差异性,E1的半衰期分别为15.33 d、19.09 d、10.61 d、11.40 d,E2的半衰期分别为15.44 d、15.61 d、8.58 d、11.13 d,降解快慢顺序为:3#>4#>1#>2#,表明茚虫威在偏碱性的土壤中的降解速率要快于在酸性土壤中,且对映体的半衰期差异在有机质含量较高的土壤中表现得更加明显;对映体分数EF值(enantiomer fraction)表明茚虫威对映体在4种供试土壤中除了1#土壤外均存在明显的立体选择性降解.     

斜板沉降器油水分离试验

为了满足油田或炼油厂含油污水处理达标排放和水资源的再利用,对斜板沉降器的油水分离机理进行了研究。通过理论推导得出上浮速度的关联式,结合试验分别对其结构参数和操作参数进行优化,找到板长、板间距、倾角及板间流速的最佳值。结果表明:优化后的斜板沉降器有较好的油水分离效果。     

Fate of metals contained in waste electrical and electronic equipment in a municipal waste treatment process

In Japan, waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) that is not covered by the recycling laws are treated as municipal solid waste. A part of common metals are recovered during the treatment; however, other metals are rarely recovered and their destinations are not clear. This study investigated the distribution ratios and substance flows of 55 metals contained in WEEE during municipal waste treatment using shredding and separation techniques at a Japanese municipal waste treatment plant. The results revealed that more than half of Cu and most of Al contained in WEEE end up in landfills or dissipate under the current municipal waste treatment system. Among the other metals contained in WEEE, at least 70% of the mass was distributed to the small-grain fraction through the shredding and separation and is to be landfilled. Most kinds of metals were concentrated several fold in the small-grain fraction through the process and therefore the small-grain fraction may be a next target for recovery of metals in terms of both metal content and amount. Separate collection and pre-sorting of small digital products can work as effective way for reducing precious metals and less common metals to be landfilled to some extent; however, much of the total masses of those metals would still end up in landfills and it is also important to consider how to recover and utilize metals contained in other WEEE such as audio/video equipment.     

含酮连氮废水的分离技术

为降低含酮连氮废水中的酮连氮含量,采用高效精馏塔,在提馏段将酮连氮从废水中汽提出来,在精馏段通过精馏将有机物料浓缩,达到回收的要求。在实验过程中,采用加压的方法,将酮连氮分解为水合肼和丙酮,通过不断分离出水合肼,使塔釜中酮连氮质量浓度为0．088g／L,达到排放要求,同时可以回收氨和丙酮,其中塔顶氨的质量浓度可以达到294mg／L,丙酮的质量浓度达到500mg／L。