Sensitivity of Ozone Production to the Nmhc Composition,Aerosol Back-Scattering and High Chimney Emission

Abstract

In this paper, three sensitivity studies are designed to analyze the effect of the NMHC (Non-Methane HydroCarbon) composition, the aerosol back-scattering and the high chimney NO _x emission to the photochemical prodution of ozone by using a one-dimensional photochemistry-diffusion model under a favourable meteorological condition. Measurements of the NMHC composition in Taipei indicated that the percentage of iso-butene, cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene and benzene in a unit volume was much higher than of those observed in other major cities. the high ratio of benzene was directly linked to its high percentage in gasoline. As to the unusually high amount of iso-butene, cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene, more researches are needed to identify their source. Concerns are raised as to how productive is NMHC composition is to the photochemical production of the surface ozone. A rough estimate shows that the total reactivity of the Taipei NMHC composition is about 1.21 × 10^?9 cm³ s^?1 which is 1.6 times that of the Los Angeles (LA) NMHC composition, while the simulated noon peak will be different by 28 ppbv, i.e. 18% more than that simulated with a LA composition.

Meanwhile, high aerosol loading is a serious problem in Taipei. the attenuation of the UV radiation by aerosols cannot be ignored. A numerical simulation shows that the noon ozone level will decrease from 178 to 141ppbv, i. e. about 21% reduction, with deterioration of the visual range from 85 to 5 km.

In the southern Taiwan, industry parks are mixed with the populated Kaohsiung city, hence the large emission of NO _x from high chimneys cannot be ignored. in this study, NO _x is assumed to be emitted in the layer between 235–460 m high with an emission rate of 0.05 or 0.145 ppbv/sec. the results show that the NO _x emitted from the elevated stack lead to a considerable reduction of surface ozone. Such conclusion is obtained due to the fact that a one-dimensional model is used in this paper. Whereas, if a three-dimensional regional model was used, then a higher productivity of ozone downstream would be simulated.     

春节燃放爆竹对大气气溶胶水溶性无机离子的影响

2007年冬季在兰州市区进行了连续30天的大气气溶胶观测取样,重点对春节燃放与非燃放烟花爆竹期间,大气气溶胶水溶性阴离子(F-、Cl-、NO2-、Br-、NO3-、PO34-、SO23-、SO24-)和水溶性阳离子(Li+、Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+)的污染状况做了研究。结果显示:春节燃放烟花爆竹会使大气污染加重,大气气溶胶质量浓度日均值比非燃放期上升了22.4%,其中使气溶胶粗颗粒(TSP)上升5.5%,气溶胶细颗粒(PM10)上升55.1%,呈细粒污染加重现象。部分水溶性离子浓度在燃放期间明显升高。上升幅度最大的是K+,其次为SO32-、NO3-、NH4+、SO42-、Cl-、F-、Mg2+、Li+、NO2-等离子。除夕夜采集的大气气溶胶样品,粗细颗粒中K+浓度分别为27.413μg/m3和26.180μg/m3,比非燃放期平均含量高出10.70倍和11.52倍。     

硝酸锶(钡)降低气溶胶灭火剂腐蚀性研究

研究了添加硝酸锶(钡)降低气溶胶灭火剂腐蚀性的作用,通过测试气溶胶灭火剂固体产物颗粒的生成量、吸湿性和酸碱性,分析了影响气溶胶灭火剂对金属材料腐蚀性的因素,并考察了改性配方灭火性能的变化。     

龙凤山大气气溶胶散射特性观测分析

利用2018年龙凤山区域大气本底站(简称龙凤山站)气溶胶散射系数、PM10质量浓度及常规气象观测资料,研究了东北本底地区气溶胶散射系数的变化特征.结果表明,2018年龙凤山站3个波长下气溶胶散射系数的均值为(194.1±202.4)Mm-1(450nm)、(133.4±139.2)Mm-1(550 nm)、(81.8±...     

北京市夏季二次有机气溶胶生成潜势的估算

基于北京市夏季高臭氧事件期间挥发性有机物（VOC）的监测数据,利用气溶胶生成系数（FAC）对北京市夏季二次有机气溶胶（SOA）的生成潜势进行了估算.估算方法结合了北京市的实际情况,并考虑了苯和异戊二烯是SOA前体物.结果表明,检测到的70种VOC中有31种是SOA前体物,可产生8.48 μg/m³的SOA,占细粒子（PM_2.5）有机组分的30％.甲苯、二甲苯、蒎烯、乙苯和正十一烷是对SOA生成贡献最大的5个物种,分别占SOA生成量的20％、 22％、 14％、 9％和4％.由人为源排放的芳香烃是北京市SOA最主要的来源,占SOA生成潜势的76％.天然源排放的烯烃对SOA的贡献占16％,烷烃（7％）和羰基化合物（1％）的贡献较小.SOA的主要成分是含苯环的产物、脂肪族酸、羰基化合物和脂肪族硝酸酯,分别占72％、 14％、 11％和3％.具有高SOA生成潜势的物种的环境浓度和臭氧生成潜势都较低,因此在VOC控制政策的制定上要综合考虑VOC的环境浓度、臭氧生成潜势和SOA生成潜势.     

西安市大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的季节变化特征

用离子色谱法对11种无机水溶性离子(Na+,NH4+,K+,Mg2+,Ca2+,F-,Cl-,Br-,NO-2,NO-3和SO2-4)进行分析,探讨大气颗粒物中水溶性无机组分的季节变化与典型污染(灰霾、浮尘、燃烧秸秆和燃放烟花)的理化特性.结果表明,西安市大气中PM2.5和TSP的日均质量浓度分别为167.1和382.0μg·m-3,PM2.5占TSP总质量浓度的44%.PM2.5和TSP中无机水溶性离子组分的年均值分别为75.2μg·m-3和101.7μg·m-3.PM2.5中水溶性离子组分占PM2.5总质量浓度的45%左右,TSP中水溶性离子组分占TSP总质量浓度的30%左右.各种水溶性离子的来源和形成机理不同,其季节变化趋势和粒径分布也不同.典型污染事件期间,颗粒物污染特征与平时相比有很大差异:雾霾时PM2.5和TSP的质量浓度都显著增加,主要污染组分为二次污染离子NH+4,NO-3和SO2-4;浮尘发生时,大气颗粒物中人为污染组分会大大减少,而来自沙尘传输和地面扬尘等的地壳物质显著增加;燃烧秸秆对大气颗粒物中K+和Cl-的影响最大;燃放烟花时K+,Mg2+和Ca2+的质量浓度显著增加.     

广州市灰霾期间大气颗粒物中有机碳和元素碳的粒径分布

使用冲击式采样器(MOUDI)采集广州市灰霾形成过程的大气颗粒物.分析了有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC).结果表明,灰霾期间大气主要消光部分积聚态颗粒物及其中的OC和EC,在PM10(可吸入颗粒物)中所占的比例及其绝对浓度要远高于正常天气.正常天气OC和EC呈双模态分布,严重灰霾天气EC的粒径分布呈单一模态分布,OC的粒径分布呈双模态分布,峰值都向大粒径方向偏移.结果显示,大气颗粒物、OC和EC在积聚态的大幅度增长是形成灰霾天气的重要原因.     

Arsenic species in electronic cigarettes: Determination and potential health risk

Human exposure to contaminants from electronic cigarettes(e-cigarettes) and the associated health effects are poorly understood.There has been no report on the speciation of arsenic in e-liquid(solution used for e-cigarettes) and aerosols.We report here determination of arsenic species in e-liquids and aerosols generated from vaping the e-liquid.Seventeen e-liquid samples of major brands,purchased from local and online stores in Canada and China,were analyzed for arsenic species using high-perfo...     

The Relative Influences of Primary and Secondary Particulates to Urban Air Quality in the United Kingdom

This study uses a combination of data from U.K. monitoringstations and from modelling undertaken with the U.K.Meteorological Office's NAME Model to investigate therelative influences of primary and secondary particulateson total PM₁₀ levels at sites in the United Kingdom. Co-located PM₁₀ and sulphate aerosol measurementsindicate that sulphate has a disproportionately largeinfluence on the variation of PM₁₀ levels incomparison to its contribution to their total mass.Comparisons of measured PM₁₀ at urban centre, roadsideand rural sites suggest that local primary sources havevery little influence on daily mean levels. NAME has beenused to model both primary particles and sulphate aerosolfrom sources across the whole of Europe. The discrepanciesbetween modelled and observed PM₁₀ suggest that coarseparticles, such as windblown dust and resuspended roaddust,may comprise a very large, if not dominant, proportion ofobserved PM₁₀ levels. The apparently minor role ofprimary particles (especially locally-sourced ones) raisesa number of issues regarding the suitability of current U.K.and European legislation to addressing the particle problem.     

新型碳质气溶胶(OC/EC)观测方法的应用效果分析

为探究新型碳气溶胶组分在线分析系统(CASS)对大气中碳质气溶胶测量的准确性和实用性,将CASS系统与在线SUNSET OC/EC分析仪测量结果进行了对比,并应用CASS系统对南京2020年秋季大气碳质气溶胶的组分进行了分析。结果表明：在南京北部郊区秋季用CASS系统测量,其黑碳 (BC) 与元素碳 (EC) 的计算系数为0.78;经校正后的CASS系统所测得的总碳 (TC)、有机碳 (OC) 和EC结果与在线SUNSET OC/EC分析仪的测量结果具有较好的一致性,斜率分别为1.04 (R²=0.9)、0.87 (R²=0.92)、1.05 (R²=0.92),2台仪器的各个碳质组分的测量误差在10%以内;OC和EC分别占PM_2.5的32%和10%左右,二次有机碳 (SOC) 占OC的38%左右;EC主要来源为化石燃料燃烧 (占比约80%);棕碳 (BrC) 在370 nm处的光吸收占比为 21.18%±6.91%,一次排放污染物居多。综上所述,经过校正后的CASS系统与传统的热光法SUNSET OC/EC分析仪相比,两者的测量结果较为一致;CASS可以分析EC的来源,也可以计算棕碳的吸光占比;CASS具有独特的载气功能以及测量方法,维护和移动观测更加方便,且更加适合于偏远地区。本研究成果可为CASS系统在大气污染监测中的推广应用提供参考。