乌鲁木齐市气溶胶光学厚度时空变化及影响因素研究

气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)在一定程度上可以反映城市上空大气污染状况,本文以乌鲁木齐市为研究区,利用2015～2019年MODIS L1B 1 km数据,在IDL平台下调用6S辐射传输模型构建查找表(LUT),结合地面暗像元法反演得到近5年乌鲁木齐AOD,采用标准差椭圆、空间自相关分析和趋势分析等方法分析研究区AOD的时空分布特征,并利用统计法分析气象因子对AOD的影响。结果表明：(1)2015～2019年,乌鲁木齐市AOD先增加后减小,整体没有明显变化,趋势近于0,年均AOD在0～1.95之间。在空间上,AOD呈现西南-东北方向浓度逐渐增加的趋势。AOD高值区(1.67～1.95)主要分布在达坂城区、头屯河区及沙依巴克区。(2)研究区冬季和秋季AOD值相对春季和夏季偏高,冬季AOD平均值可以达到0.63。(3)2015～2019年研究区AOD呈正的空间自相关。AOD的Moran I值呈先增加后减小的趋势,最大值和最小值分别为0.991和0.979。近5年研究区AOD的空间分布中心主要集中在达坂城区和乌鲁木齐县,AOD在空间上呈现先扩散后逐渐集中的趋势,标准偏差椭圆先增大后减小。(4)研究...     

广州秋季不同功能区大气颗粒物中PAHs粒径分布

利用MOUDI^TM级联分段式采样器采集了秋季广州市区(荔湾采样点和五山采样点)及郊区(新垦采样点)3个采样点的气溶胶样品并使用GC-MS分析了样品中13种多环芳烃的含量.发现3～4环的多环芳烃呈双峰分布,5～7环的多环芳烃呈单峰分布.广州市区和郊区的多环芳烃具有不同粒径分布模式;相对于城区,郊区的多环芳烃存在于更大的颗粒物中,这可能是气溶胶的陈化过程不同导致的.城区的多环芳烃可能主要受吸附作用控制,而郊区的多环芳烃则可能受多种机制控制,如吸附作用、吸收作用和多层吸附.诊断参数值在粒径1～2.5μm和0.1～0.56μm存在较大差异;从浓度上看新垦13种多环芳烃的总浓度为39ng/m³,五山为71～94ng/m³,荔湾为32～154 ng/m³;从组成上看广州市大气颗粒物种多环芳烃以5～7环为主.     

2006~2020年中国大气本底站BC气溶胶的时空分布特征

黑碳（BC）气溶胶来源复杂且具有特殊环境和气象影响效应.我国不同大气环境下的BC时空分布特征亟待全面认识.使用2006~2020年中国7个大气本底站长期BC观测数据,结合气象数据、排放源、增强植被指数（EVI）和气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）数据,综合分析了BC的时空分布特征、长期演化趋势及其影响因素.结果表明,中国不同地区的BC浓度和AOD差异较大,BC对AOD多为正贡献.受排放源和气象条件等因素的影响,BC浓度和AOD空间分布为东高西低,"胡焕庸线"以东的龙凤山、上甸子、临安和金沙的浓度较高,ρ（BC）和AOD平均值分别为（1699±2213）~（3392±2131） ng·m^-3和0.36±0.32~0.72±0.37;"胡焕庸线"以西的阿克达拉、瓦里关和香格里拉的浓度较低,ρ（BC）和AOD平均值分别为（287±226）~（398±308） ng·m^-3和0.20±0.13~0.22±0.19.不同大气本底站BC的年际变化可分为4类：年际变化较小型,主要为阿克达拉站;先增后减然后稳定型,主要为瓦里关站;先降低后稳定类,主要为香格里拉站;先稳定后降低型,主要为龙凤山、上甸子、金沙和临安.不同大气本底站BC的季节变化具有差异."胡焕庸线"以西地区秋季BC浓度最低,冬季和春季BC浓度较高;"胡焕庸线"以东地区冬季BC浓度最高,夏季BC浓度最低.BC对AOD的影响在"胡焕庸线"东西部站点的春季和夏季均较大,在"胡焕庸线"以西站点的秋季较小,在"胡焕庸线"以东站点的冬季较小.大气本底站BC的日变化多为双峰型分布,但是峰值时间存在显著地区和季节差异.     

Aerosol optical properties derived from imultaneoussunphotometer and aureolemeter measurements in Lhasa

In order to obtain some aerosol properties in Tibetan Plateau atmosphere, simultaneous measurements of aerosols by use of a sunphotometer and an aureolementer were performed in the summer of 1998 in Lhasa(29.65°N, 91.13°E). Optical depth, volume size distribution and phase-function of aerosols were obtained from the measurements. Religious activities can have an effect on optical depth in Lhasa. The daily average aerosol optical depth(λaerosol optical depth are relatively small during the period of summer. The maximal value of the mode radius in the volume size distribution are about 0.4, 2.0 and 4. 0μm.     

Observation of black carbon aerosol in Beijing,2003

The objective of this study was to determine the black carbon concentration in Beijing in 2003. The aerosol properties were measured using an Aethalometer and a tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) on the roof of the Physics Building of Peking University (39.99° N, 116.31° E) from July to August 2003 and from November 2003 to January 2004. The average black carbon (BC) concentrations in the summer and winter were 8.80 and 11.4 μg/m³, respectively. During winter, two different cyclone cut offs were installed at the inlet of an aethalometer. The BC mass concentration in TSP, PM₁₀, and PM_2.5 were obtained. The results indicated that in winter aerosol, 90% of BC exited in PM₁₀ and 82.6% of BC exited in PM_2.5. The BC in PM₁₀ accounted for 5.11% of the PM₁₀ mass. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(1): 17–22 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

Biologically effective ultraviolet radiation in Beijing area

Ozone layer depletion implies the enhancement of solar ultraviolet radiation at the earth's surface. However, aerosol contributes to the scattering of solar radiation and leads to the reduction of UV-B radiation on the ground. In this paper, the model calculation shows that due to effects of atmospheric ozone and aerosol UV-B radiation in Beijing in the past decade has decreased with the annual change rate of 0.7%, which is probably approximate to the measured values. The effects of three scenarios for long-term changes in atmospheric ozone and aerosol concentrations on UV-B radiation reaching the ground in are also discussed.     

Removal of adhesive dusts from flue gas using corona discharges with spraying water

Effective removal of adhesive and fine dusts from flue gas is very difficult. A new method of electrostatic precipitation of the corona discharges with spraying water(CDSW) was introduced. A new electrode configuration and the circulation spraying of water were employed in the method. The efficient electrostatic precipitation for adhesive and fine dusts can be accomplished without any drain water during a long operating period. The fundamental structure, discharge characteristics, mechanism of spraying and precipitation principle of the electrostatic precipitation using CDSW were described and analyzed. The V-I characteristics, spraying state, supplying water quantity, influence of temperature and clean of the electrodes were researched in series experiments. The treating effects of circulating spraying using the corona plasma at the same time of electrostatic precipitation were investigated. The fundamental theories and experimental data were proposed, in order to effectively remove the adhesive dusts from flue gas using CDSW in practice.     

A field investigation into the characteristics and formation mechanisms of particles during the operation of laser printers and photocopiers

Indoor particle release from toner printing equipment (TPE) is a major health concern and has received wide attention. In this study, nine printing centers were randomly selected and three working phases were simulated, namely, non-working, normal printing/copying, and heavy printing/copying. The dynamics of the ozone (O₃), volatile organic compound (VOC), and particle emissions from TPE were determined by portable detectors. Results showed that particles, VOCs, and O₃ were indeed discharged, and particles and VOCs concentrations remained at high levels. Among them, 44% of the rooms represented high-level particle releases. Submicrometer-sized particles, especially nanoparticles, were positively correlated with VOCs, but were inversely proportional to the O₃ concentration. Four elements, Ca, Al, Mg and Ni, were usually present in nanoparticles because of the discharge of paper. Si, Al, K, Ni and Pb were found in the submicrometer-sized particles and were consistent with the toner composition. The potential particle precursors were identified, which suggested that styrene was the most likely secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursor. Overall, the use of the toner formulation and the discharge of paper attribute to the TPE-emitted particles, in which styrene is a specific monitoring indicator for the formation of SOA.     

太原市冬季气溶胶粒子谱及其谱分布模式的研究

本文讨论了太原市冬季大气气溶胶平均粒子谱、表面积和体积谱分布特征,提出了按三个自然模态分段拟合的思想,给出了对数二次曲线谱分布模式。对太原、北京、渡口的实测资料按自然模态分段拟合,取得了比较好的结果。