西部农村垃圾收运系统设计与探讨

以甘肃省威戎镇垃圾填埋场收运设计为例,对西部农村垃圾收运设计以及计算进行探讨,提供一种农村垃圾收运系统的合理设计计算模式,以节约垃圾收运成本,进一步节省填埋场设计与运行成本。     

运用EASEWASTE对污泥填埋系统的生命周期分析

运用EASEWASTE对污泥与矿化垃圾混合填埋并用泥土作为覆盖材料的系统进行了生命周期分析.结果表明,污泥填埋的环境影响主要表现为存储的生态毒性(水)、温室效应和持久性生态毒性(土壤).其最大的污染因子分别为Cu、CH4和As.相比于前处理单元和运输单元,污泥填埋单元的环境影响最大,应尽可能加以控制.敏感性分析表明,降低渗滤液的产生量、提高填埋气的收集率以及把收集到的填埋气进行产热发电等综合利用都能有效的降低系统对环境的污染.应加强对填埋阶段的污染控制,改进填埋场的填埋气收集处理技术,规范日覆盖等填埋操作过程,加强渗滤液的收集和处理,最大程度的减小环境污染.     

Use of two-surfactants mixtures to attain specific HLB values for assisted TPH-diesel biodegradation

In a surfactant assisted biodegradation process, the choice of surfactant(s) is of crucial importance. The question is: does the type of surfactant(i, e. chemical family) affect the biodegradation process at fixed hidrophillic-lypofillic balance(H/B) values? Microcosm assessments were developed using contaminated soil, with around of 5000 mg/kg of hydrocarbons as TPH-diesel. Mixtures of three nonionic surfactants were employed to get a wide range of specific HLB values. Tween20 and Span20 were mixed in the appropriate proportions to get HLB values between 8.6 and 16.7. Tween/Span60 mixtures reached HLB values between 4.7 and 14.9. Finally,Tween/Span80 combinations yielded HLB values between 4.3 and 1.5. TPH-diesel biodegradation was measured at the beginning, and after 8 weeks, as well as the FCU/grsod, as a measure of microorganisms‘ development during the biodegradation period. A second aim of this work was to assess the use of guar gum as a biodegradation enhancer instead of synthetic products. The conclusions of this work are that surfactant chemical family, and not only the HLB value clearly affects the assisted biodegradation rate. Surfactant‘s synergism was clearly observed. Regarding the use of guar gum, no biodegradation enhancement was observed for the three assessed concentrations,i.e., 2, 20, and 200 mg/kg, respectively. On the contrary, TPH-diesel removal was lower as the gum concentration increased. It is quite possible that guar gum was used as a microbial substrate.     

非贵金属室温CO氧化催化剂的研究

文章采用共沉淀法制备了系列铜锰氧化物催化剂,以CO催化氧化作为目标反应,考察了各种制备条件——沉淀剂种类、滴加顺序、原料液[Cu]/[Mn]比、沉淀温度、老化时间、老化pH值等对催化剂催化性能的影响,从而确定室温下用于CO氧化的铜锰催化剂的最优制备条件。该催化剂相比商品化的霍加拉特剂,具有更好的室温活性和活性稳定性。     

改性矿化垃圾反应床处理填埋场渗滤液研究

在固液比(矿化垃圾与废水的质量比)为100,1,运行周期为3 h.水力负荷为0.08 m3/(m3·d)条件下,分别采用废铁屑、钢渣、蘑菇渣、秸秆作为改性材料进行矿化垃圾反应床处理填埋场渗滤液的工艺强化研究.结果表明,废铁屑对COD、色度、总氮和总磷的去除有显著的强化作用,COD、总氮和总磷去除率平均提高9.3%、17%和7.7%;钢渣不利于氨氮和总氮的去除,且需定期置换钢渣以维持其去除COD和总磷的强化作用;蘑菇渣和秸秆均需先进行合适的驯化降解处理,才能实现其去除COD、色度、氨氮和总氮的强化作用.从工程应用角度看,废铁屑是相对理想的一种改性材料.     

运行条件及温度对陈垃圾反应器效能的影响及菌群结构分析

以上海老港填埋场填埋垃圾为填料构建陈垃圾反应器,通过调节反应器的水力负荷、回流比以及所处的环境温度,考察了反应器对成熟垃圾渗滤液中氨氮(NH3-N)、总氮(TN)、BOD5和COD处理效果的影响,同时采用PCR-DGGE方法分析了不同条件下微生物群落结构的变化。结果表明,在15℃温度下,水力负荷由8.5 L/(m3·d)升高至17 L/(m3·d)时,反应器对污染物BOD5和NH3-N的去除效率没有改变,而对COD和TN的去除效率有明显提升;当增加回流时,反应器对污染物的去除效果没有显著差异,未能提高脱氮效率;当环境温度从15℃提高到30℃时,NH3-N和BOD5接近完全去除,COD的去除率从73.1%提高到82.4%,TN的去除率从27.3%提高到43.7%,明显提高了反应器效能。群落结构分析表明,在本研究条件下增加回流比对反应器中细菌群落结构影响不大;提高水力负荷使得上部群落结构多样性提高;而温度提高时,反应器上、下部细菌的种类数量都明显增加,多样性提高。表明在陈垃圾反应器运行时,环境温度对其效能和群落结构的影响较大。     

矿化污泥生物反应器处理生活垃圾填埋场老龄渗滤液

经长时间稳定化形成的矿化污泥中,含有种类丰富和数量繁多的降解性微生物,具有处理渗滤液的潜力。建立3个矿化污泥生物反应器,即C1(粉煤灰0%),C2(粉煤灰9.1%),C3(粉煤灰16.7%),以处理垃圾填埋场老龄渗滤液。在单级矿化污泥反应器中,当进水COD和NH3-N分别约为1350和900 mg/L时,水力负荷为17.7～70.8 L/(m3.d),COD去除率可超过65%,氨氮的去除率可超过94%。粉煤灰的加入一定程度上降低了COD去除率,但有助于氨氮的去除。在二级矿化污泥生物反应器中(即C3～C1串联),水力负荷为35.4 L/(m3.d)的工况下,当COD、TOC、IC和NH3-N分别为1 500～2 500,500～900,1 200～1 600和1 200～1 450 mg/L时,出水可达到COD<300 mg/L,TOC<180 mg/L,IC<100 mg/L,NH3-N<5 mg/L。但是,矿化污泥生物反应器对渗滤液总氮的去除率较低,仅为20%左右。     

矿化垃圾中的甲烷氧化-反硝化耦合特性研究

设计全因素实验研究了填埋龄10～12年的矿化垃圾中的甲烷氧化反硝化耦合特性.结果表明,每g矿化垃圾中甲烷氧化菌、反硝化细菌可达109个数量级,适合作为甲烷氧化-反硝化耦合反应介质.CH4、O2和NO3--N浓度对CH4去除有明显影响(p＜0.01),其大小顺序为CH4＞O2＞ NO3-N,且3种因素具有显著的交互作用(P＜0.01).NO3--N对甲烷氧化的抑制或者促进作用主要与环境中的O2浓度和C/O比有关.相对较低的CH4初始浓度和较低的C/O、C/N比有利于甲烷氧化和反硝化作用耦合,而且反应产物中N2O含量较低.当CH4、O2浓度分别为10％,20％时,甲烷去除率能达到97.7％,产生的N2含量为11.5％以上,且N2O的产生量低于0.2％.     

Job Redesign Needs for Aged Workers

The aim of this paper is to explore and present a proposal for redesigning elements of the workplace for agech workers. The method of research was to observe, record, and measure the actions of sitting workers performing assembly operations on electrical products in the Kani Plant Nagoya Works of Mitsubishi Electric Co. (Japan). The evaluation index used in the experiment was obtained by measuring time motion elements, cycle time per product, and motion velocity waves of elderly workers. Those motion characteristics were then compared to the motion characteristics of young workers. The results led to job redesign elements being identified to reduce handling factors of high difficulty for aged workers and to the necessity to consider a coefficient of correction in Method Time Measurement (MTM) according to differences in the manufactured object’s weight.     

北京北天堂填埋场矿化垃圾筛上物特性分析

为解决丰台北天堂垃圾填埋场600～700t/d矿化垃圾筛上物的处置问题,对其理化性质进行了分析,结果表明:矿化垃圾筛上物中以塑料、砖瓦灰土及木竹3类为主,可燃组分达65%以上,不可燃组分为33%左右;湿基热值为11806.6kJ/kg,灰分含量达40%左右,挥发分仅为25.19%;C、H、O含量较高。矿化垃圾筛上物各组分中:塑料、木竹、织物、细土的含水率均在20%以上;塑料、橡胶的热值均为16736kJ/kg以上,木竹和织物的热值为10460kJ/kg左右;塑料、织物、木竹、橡胶等可燃物的挥发分含量均在50%以上;塑料、橡胶中的N含量较少,但含氯量均较高,织物中C、H、O含量较高。矿化垃圾筛上物仍需要进一步的处理,将可燃组分与无机组分分离,可燃物焚烧利用,无机组分建材利用。