都市型农业土地利用面源污染环保意识和支付意愿研究

研究针对北京郊区农业集约化水平较高的顺义区蔬菜化肥和农药超量使用及大型养殖场废弃物排放给生态环境带来严重的不良影响问题，在大量农业面源污染研究的基础上，采用CVM方法，评估了顺义区公众对以上农业活动造成的地下水环境污染问题的环境意识和支付意愿，研究结果表明：首都郊区农民的环保意识在增强；家庭人均纯收入、受访者的受教育程度与支付意愿呈显著正相关；受访者的年龄与支付意愿则呈显著负相关。该研究还计算了顺义区2002年全区农民的平均支付意愿是49．18元/人，该年全区人民总支付意愿为2680．861万元人民币。该研究可为有关部门对农业面源污染进行治理提供参考依据。     

生态经济学的价值观

农业产品因投入劳动和消耗自然界的资源形成价值。农业产品在生产和流通过程中，伴随其本身的价值，还会产生其经济效益。利用生态循环中可以再生的资源，可产生生态经济效益，运用先进的农业技术可产生技术经济效益，流通领域中的供求优势可产生社会经济效益。     

AGRICULTURAL LAND USE IMPACTS ON BACTERIAL WATER QUALITY IN A KARST GROUNDWATER AQUIFER1

ABSTRACT: The impact on water quality by agricultural activity in karst terrain is an important consideration for resource management within the Appalachian Region. Karst areas comprise about 18 percent of the Region's land area. An estimated one-third of the Region's farms, cattle, and agricultural market value are on karst terrain. The purpose of this study was to compare fecal bacteria densities in karst groundwater impacted by two primary agricultural land uses in central Appalachia. Fecal bacteria densities were measured in cave streams draining two primary land management areas. The first area was pasture serving a beef cow-calf operation. The second area was a dairy. Neither area had best management practices in place for controlling animal wastes. Median fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus densities were highest in cave streams draining the dairy. Median fecal coliform densities in the dairy-impacted stream were greater than 4,000 CFU/100 ml and the median fecal coliform densities in the pasture-impacted streams were less than 10 CFU/100 ml. Median fecal streptococcus densities in the same streams were greater than 2,000 CFU/100 ml and 32 CFU/100 nil, respectively. A second dairy, with best management practices for control of animal and milkhouse waste, did not appear to be contributing significant amounts of fecal bacteria to the karst aquifer. It was concluded that agriculture was affecting bacterial densities in the karst aquifer. New management practices specifically designed to protect karst groundwater resources may be one way to protect the groundwater resource.     

昭通市农田土壤和蔬菜重金属污染评价及相关性分析

以昭通市农田区域为研究对象,采用点对点协同采样的方法对昭通市农田土壤和蔬菜进行采集,测定了As、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd和Cr 这6种重金属含量.使用地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数对土壤重金属污染进行评价,利用健康风险模型评估蔬菜对人体产生的风险情况.结果表明,研究区土壤存在Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Cr污染,相较于农用地风险筛选值,超标率分别为34.35%、6.87%、2.29%、80.15%和6.11%;蔬菜存在Pb、Cd和Cr污染,相较于食品中污染物限量,超标率分别为6.87%、15.27%和36.64%.土壤污染评价表明,土壤重金属Cd存在强生态风险,其余重金属存在轻微生态风险.人体健康风险评估模型显示,非致癌风险及致癌风险均超过可接受范围,且对儿童的影响更大.相关性分析表明,土壤中的As对蔬菜吸收Cu和Zn具有拮抗作用,而土壤中Cr对蔬菜吸收Cu和Zn具有促进作用.     

农田N2O排放研究进展

农田土壤是大气中N2O的重要来源，与1990年相比，2000年我国氮肥用量升高了40％，因此，迫切需要对我国农田土壤N2O的排放通量作出新的估算。土壤理化性状的空间变异和不同生态条件下进行长期的、多点的农田N2O原位监测数据的匮乏成为提高N2O排放测定精度的制约因素。目前，航空采样法-驰豫涡动技术(微气象学方法)能够成功克服空间变异，且已经被成功应用在农业生态系统N2O排放的定量化观测上；另外Century-NGAS和DNDC模型是目前应用较广泛的机理模型，但应用不同模型所获得的N2O排放量相差较大。因此，今后农业土壤N2O排放的工作重点应集中在如何提高N2O原位观测精度，寻找合适的机理模型和提出相应的减排措施。     

浙江省萧山市山一村农村生态良性循环与系统管理研究 Ⅴ.农田病虫害综合防治试验与实施

本项调控工程分两步:1984—1986年在山一村106ha农田开展病虫害综合防治试验示范;1987—1989年将试验成果应用于生产。试验研究取得了明显的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益:农药用量比1983年前减少80.6％,稻谷中农药残留不超标(原有机氯农药666残留超标率31.6％);害虫天敌稻田蜘蛛增加83.3—180.0％,稻虱多索线虫增加2倍;防治农药成本减少53.7％。并制定了《山一村农田农药污染防治技术规程》,其主要内容有:开展病虫害“二查二定”,达到防治指标时用药;制定病虫害防治策略,在防治适期内用药;推广高效低残留农药,遵守农药安全间隔期;推广抗性良种,适施N肥,增施P、K肥;保护利用天敌,发挥天敌自然抑制作用。     

珠江三角洲经济区农业生态环境现状与对策

珠江三角洲经济区耕地锐减，水资源分布不均，工业和农业污染严重，农业生态环境日趋恶化。经济发展不平衡，农业趋于萎缩状态，本文针对这些问题，提出了珠江三角洲农业生态环境治理的指导思想、发展目标和基本措施。     

Environmental deterioration of farmlands caused by the irrational use of agricultural technologies

Without considering the ecosystem-dependence of agricultural production, irrational use of agricultural technologies could bring only short-term economic benefits but leave long-term environmental deterioration. If some agricultural lands have to be abandoned because of these technologies such as chemical films or groundwater depletion, it will aggravate the burden of remaining lands for maintaining or enhancing production. Thus, agricultural production should be a part of public services, requiring the consideration of interests of different stakeholders and sustainability.     

Assessment of groundwater contamination using geographic information systems

In this study two sites were selected in order to investigate groundwater contamination and spatial relationships among groundwater quality, topography, geology, landuse and pollution sources. One site is the Asan area, an agricultural district where pollution sources are scattered and which is mainly underlain by granite of Cretaceous age. The other site is the Gurogu area of Seoul city, an industrial district where an industrial complex and residential areas are located and which is mainly underlain by gneiss of Precambrian age. Groundwater samples collected from these districts were analysed for chemical constituents. An attribute value files of chemical constituents of groundwater and the spatial data layers were constructed and pollution properties were investigated to establish out spatial relationships between the groundwater constituents and pollution sources using geographic information systems (GIS).Relatively high contents of Si and HCO₃ ^– in the groundwater from the Asan area reflect the effect of water–rock interaction whereas high contents of Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and Ca²⁺ in the groundwater from the Gurogu area are due to the pollution of various sources. The significant seasonal variation of SiO₂, HCO₂ ^– and Ca²⁺ contents, and that of Ca²⁺ content were observed in the Asan and the Gurogu areas, respectively. Seasonal variation of pollutants such as Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– was not observed in either area. Pollution over the critical level of the Korean drinking water standard has been investigated from 15 sampling sites out of 40 in the Asan area, and 33 sampling sites out of 51 in the Gurogu area. Pollution by NO₃ ^–, Cl^–, Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺, SO₄ ^2– and Zn²⁺ in the groundwater from the industrial district (Gurogu area) and that of NO₃ , SO₄ ^2– and Zn²⁺ in the groundwater from the agricultural district (Asan area) were observed. The principal pollutant in both areas is NO₃ ^–. Deep groundwater from the Asan area is not yet contaminated with NO₃ ^– except for one site, but most of the shallow groundwater site occurring near the potential point sources is seriously contaminated. From the result of buffering analysis, it seems clear that factories and stock farms are the principal pollution sources in the Asan area. The groundwater from the Gurogu area has already been seriously polluted considering the fact of NO₃ ^– contamination of deep groundwater. Chlorine pollution of shallow groundwater in the Gurogu area was also observed. Spatial relationship between pollution level and its source was clarified in this study by using GIS, which will be applicable to the effective management of groundwater quality.     

官厅流域农田地表径流磷流失初探

农田径流和侵蚀泥沙是磷进入官厅水库的主要非点污染源。针对该流域夏季农田暴雨径流发生的典型情景进行模拟降雨径流试验，对该流域农田地表径流泥沙和磷流失进行了初步的研究，结果表明，本降雨过程径流累积泥沙产量为30．5l～2493．34g／m^2，受雨强、坡度和作物覆盖的影响明显；径流溶解态磷(DP)中绝大部分是生物可利用性磷(DRP)，径流平均DP、DRP浓度都远大于水体允许临界值0．02mg／L，对官厅水体存在直接污染危害。径流累积全磷(TP)流失达O．0439～2．0798g/m^2；估算的流域农田径流全磷(TP)流失水平达2．67kg／(hm^2．a)以上，其颗粒态占969，0以上，可能成为官厅水库浮游生物长期丰富的潜在可利用磷源。降低农田土壤速效磷水平、减少水土侵蚀，是控制库区水华季节性发生和复原库区水体富营养化状态的关键。