常州市冬季大气污染特征及潜在源区分析

为了解常州市冬季大气污染特征,对2013—2015年常州市冬季PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO数据进行分析,并结合HYSPLIT 4.9模式研究不同气团来源对常州市各污染物浓度的影响及潜在污染源区分布特征.结果表明,常州市冬季以PM_2.5污染为主,其占冬季首要污染物的90%以上,冬季PM_2.5小时浓度对应的空气质量级别以良和轻度污染出现频次最多,冬季的ρ（PM_2.5）对ρ（PM_2.5）年均值的贡献率高达37.4%,不完全燃烧是颗粒物的一个重要来源.冬季ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（SO₂）、ρ（NO₂）和ρ（CO）的日变化均呈双峰分布,两个峰值分别出现在交通的早高峰和晚高峰附近.ρ（NO₂）在晚高峰明显大于早高峰,而ρ（SO₂）和ρ（CO）表现为早高峰大于晚高峰.常州市CO/NO_x和SO₂/NO_x的分析结果表明,常州市交通源的贡献明显,点源对常州市的空气质量的影响也较大.1和6 h的ρ（PM_2.5）梯度变化可判识细颗粒物的爆发性增长.冬季常州市受到西北、西和西南等地区的大陆性气流影响较大,其对应的ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（SO₂）、ρ（NO₂）和ρ（CO）平均值相对较高,且对应的污染轨迹出现概率较大.偏东方向的气流由于移动速度慢,不利于污染物扩散易造成污染累积,导致ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（SO₂）和ρ（NO₂）相对较高.WPSCF（源区分布概率）高值区（>0.5）集中于从芜湖至上海的长江中下游区域和杭州湾区域.PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂和CO潜在源区存在较大差异性,NO₂、SO₂和CO本地化的潜在贡献较PM_2.5和PM₁₀更明显.此外,受船舶等影响海洋源区对NO₂、SO₂和CO的潜在贡献较大.研究显示,长三角区域的大气污染物以本地污染为主,但远距离污染输送贡献也不容忽视.      

河北省涞水县大气颗粒物单颗粒分析表征及来源识别

为了解河北省涞水县颗粒物污染特征,采用单颗粒分析技术扫描电镜-X射线能谱法和气团后向轨迹分析技术对该县2015年3个典型污染时段〔即正常管控、严格管控（2015年阅兵期间）及发生严重颗粒物染污〕采集的7个大气颗粒物样品进行了分析表征和来源解析.共测量了1 506个粒径≥0.5 μm的单颗粒,其中粒径小于2.5 μm的颗粒占98%以上,测量结果揭示了细颗粒污染特征.结果表明:①碳质颗粒为主要颗粒物种类,其检出数目占比在90%以上.②非供暖期严格管控时段,当地居民日常生活产生的球形碳质颗粒检出数目占比最高.③非供暖期正常管控时段,机动车排放的碳质集合体颗粒检出数目占比最高,交通污染贡献最大.④供暖期球形碳质颗粒检出数目占比最高,含硫颗粒检出数目占比相对增加,燃煤的贡献最大.3个采样时段48 h气团后向轨迹分析结果表明,在空气质量良好、颗粒物污染水平较低的情况下,影响研究区域空气质量的主要是本地源;雾霾天气（处于严重颗粒物污染时段）时,西南方向外来源和本地源共同构成研究区域的颗粒物污染状态.      

表面活性剂强化原位空气扰动修复实验研究——影响区域及气流分布变化规律

应用一种改进的二维气流可视化装置来研究影响区域（ZOI）内不同介质（粗砂和砾石）和表面活性剂（SDBS）的添加对影响区域以及气流分布规律的影响.结果表明：相同曝气流量下,同种介质中表面活性剂的投加会增大曝气压力.表面活性剂的添加极大地提高了空气饱和度,但在不同介质中作用机理不同.当曝气流量为1000 L/h时,表面活性剂的添加使得粗砂介质（孔道流）和砾石介质（鼓泡流）ZOI的面积分别增大了21.8%和5.2%.这说明在一定粒径范围内,介质粒径越细,表面活性剂的添加对ZOI面积的增加越明显.相同曝气流量下,表面活性剂的添加使粗砂介质中气流分布范围变大且气流分布曲线相对平缓,而砾石介质中气流分布范围不变且气流分布曲线相对陡峭;不同曝气流量下ZOI内气流分布表现出明显的相似性.     

吸油烟机风量检测中可靠性分析

根据GB/T 17713-2011的要求,对外排式吸油烟机空气性能实验装置的板孔的设计进行了研究,结合板孔系数表,提出了与实际工作点最接近的计算方法,以设计的孔板测量外排式吸油烟机的风量。并根据实际的检测实例,找出了实际影响因素,提高了风量检测的可靠性。     

Dry deposition of PM10 over the Yellow Sea during Asian dust events from 2001 to 2007

Dry deposition velocities and fluxes of PM10during Asian dust events over the Yellow Sea from 2001 to 2007 were investigated using observation data in Qingdao, China and Jeju, Korea. The dry deposition velocities of PM10 during dust events over the Yellow Sea ranged from 0.19 to 8.17 cm/sec, with an average of 3.38 cm/sec. Dry deposition fluxes of PM10during dust events over the Yellow Sea were in the range of 68.5–2647.1 mg/(m2·day), with an average of 545.4 mg/(m2·day), which is 2–10 times higher than those reported by other studies for both dust and non-dust periods. It was estimated that 2.6 × 1011–48.7 × 1011g dust particles deposit to the Yellow Sea during dust events through dry deposition every year. Compared with the results in previous studies, it was found that the dry deposition of PM10over the Yellow Sea during dust events in the years with high frequency of dust could account for a large or overwhelming fraction of the annual total dry deposition. Backward air mass trajectory analysis showed that dust events influenced Jeju mainly originated from the desert regions located in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China. There were 119 backward trajectories influenced both Qingdao and Jeju during 15 dust events from 2001 to 2007, accounting for 61.3% of the total trajectories of 194, indicating that Qingdao and Jeju were usually on the same pathway of dust transport downwind from source areas.     

Intra‐individual variability in job complexity over time: Examining the effect of job complexity trajectory on employee job strain

Drawing on gestalt characteristics theory, we advance the literature on the effect of job complexity on employee well‐being by considering intra‐individual variability of job complexity over time. Specifically, we examine how the trend, or trajectory, of job complexity over time can explain unique variance of employee job strain. Across two longitudinal data sets, we consistently find that, with the average level of job complexity during a given period held constant, a positive job complexity trajectory (i.e., an increasing trend in complexity) is associated with higher employee job strain. Based on job‐demand‐control theory and the exposure‐reactivity model, we further establish that job autonomy and employee emotional stability jointly moderate the relationship between job complexity trajectory and employee job strain. Specifically, for employees with high emotional stability, job autonomy mitigates the job strain brought by positive job complexity trajectory, whereas for employees with low emotional stability, job autonomy does not help to reduce the adverse effect of the increasing trend. These findings not only contribute to extend the understanding of the job complexity – strain relationship, but also suggest a promising, dynamic avenue to study the effects of work characteristics on employee well‐being as well as other outcomes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地铁浅埋岛式站台列车火灾烟气蔓延的数值模拟研究

地铁车站及地铁列车为人流密集的公众聚集场所,一旦发生火灾事故,伤亡损失往往非常惨重。地铁作为现代化的城市轨道交通工具,承担着越来越重要的大客流运输任务。因此,深入开展地铁火灾安全的研究有助于地铁安全管理工作。针对地铁浅埋岛式站台列车火灾情况,利用数值模拟-场模拟方法,研究浅埋岛式站点内烟气横向流动和不同站层间的烟气纵向蔓延规律。分析烟气在隧道、站台及站厅内蔓延时烟气温度、有毒气体浓度、可见度等特征参数的分布情况;探讨了火灾时浅埋岛式站点内有效的气流组织形式,隧道排烟系统的运行模式;该研究结论有助于同类型的地铁车站的设计和运营管理。     

Analysis and Case Study of Duststorms in the Beijing Area

Dust weather conditions with strong wind often occur in Beijing during spring. The number of duststorms in Beijing has declined since 1954. In the last two years, however, the number of duststorms in Beijing has increased drastically due to frequent cold air movements and the deteriorated ecological environment. The heaviest duststorm in the last decade in Beijing occurred on 6 April 2000. It was caused by the development of a high-level small trough along with strong northwest wind behind a large trough that moved eastward and developed a strong cold air system. A non-hydrostatic meso-scale numerical model (MM5) gave a good forecast to the duststorm's major features and movement. Simulated results showed that there was a strong vertical ascending motion with a strong positive vorticity center in mid and low level. The mesoscale structure's formation and development and movement were consistent with the passage and moving direction of the duststorm. At the same time, the trajectories of air particles during this duststorm event and another case (on 27 March 2000) were estimated and analyzed, which had the comparable results with the real situation and the trajectory monitored by meteorological satellite. The trajectories analysis could help us study the transport track and sand source to some extent.     

1990~2020年阿克苏河流域土地利用碳排放时空轨迹与影响因素

土地利用变化会导致不同类型碳源和碳汇功能变化,是碳排放的关键来源.从土地利用变化的角度开展阿克苏河流域碳排放及其影响因素研究,对于促进流域山水林田湖草沙冰一体化保护修复、助力碳达峰与碳中和目标实现具有重要意义.基于1990~2020年的4期土地利用数据与同期社会经济数据,测算土地利用碳排放总量,探究土地利用碳排放时空轨迹及其影响因素.结果表明:①1990~2020年,耕地、林地、建设用地和未利用地整体呈增加趋势,草地和水域呈减少态势.土地利用类型空间变化特征主要表现为草地、未利用地转换为耕地;②1990~2020年流域净碳总排放量呈现持续上升趋势,累计增加了14.78×10⁴ t,耕地面积增加是引起流域净碳排放量增长的关键因素;③流域土地利用碳排放量空间上呈中间高四周低的分布格局,净碳排放量显著变化区域主要分布在温宿县南部、阿克苏市、阿瓦提县及阿拉尔市;④人类活动对土地利用碳排放驱动作用最强且其影响由东部向西部逐渐增大,年均气温对土地利用碳排放影响贡献主要集中在阿克苏市东部和阿瓦提县北部,年均降雨量对温宿县北部和阿合奇县西部的抑制作用较强.     

基于后向轨迹模式对北京市PM2.5来源的探讨

近年来中国经历了数次大范围雾霾天气,北京等多个城市更是遭遇连续雾霾。造成雾霾天气的主要污染物PM_2.5又称细颗粒物。为了进一步治理北京雾霾,为制定政策提供依据,须了解北京地区PM_2.5的来源。本文基于后向轨迹模式并结合PM_2.5浓度计算了2015年9月1日0：00至2016年8月31日23：00以北京为起始点,向后推算48小时的轨迹,并结合轨迹聚类分析法、潜在源贡献因子法（PSCF）、浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT）等,探讨北京地区PM_2.5的来源。结果表明：模拟的后向轨迹经过聚类分析可分为6类,其中来自内蒙古西部的轨迹最多,来自西北、北西北方向的轨迹次之,来自西西北方向且在京津冀地区停留一段时间的轨迹占比最小,来自河北、山东、河南的交接地区及河北的沿海地区的轨迹占比也较小。其中来自内蒙古西部地区及河北、山东、河南交界地区的两类轨迹对北京的空气质量有较大的影响,是北京PM_2.5污染的主要潜在源区;来自北西北方向及河北的沿海地区两类轨迹的气团最为清洁,为北京带来良好的天气;来自西北及西西北方向的部分轨迹对应的PM_2.5浓度严重超标,说明来自此方向的气团对北京的空气质量也有一定的影响。