膜生物反应器出水深度处理及回用技术

针对膜生物反应器对难生化降解物质去除率不高,出水中仍残留部分污染物,对水安全和回用造成一定影响这一不足,综述了膜生物反应器出水深度处理及回用技术,并指出了今后的发展方向.     

原生颗粒污泥单级自养脱氮工艺处理污泥压滤液的研究

在长期运行的处理污泥压滤液的气提亚硝化反应器中发现了单级自养脱氮反应,并形成了具有自养脱氮性能的原生颗粒污泥.以原生颗粒污泥启动并运行了单级自养脱氮反应器,对污泥压滤液进行脱氮处理取得了良好效果.进水总氮浓度为350 mg.L-1左右时,总氮平均去除率为74.81%,最高达86.92%,总氮平均去除负荷(以N计,下同)为0.68 kg.(m3.d)-1,最高达0.90 kg.(m3.d)-1.投加粉末活性炭后单级自养脱氮反应得到强化,运行稳定性得到提高.进水基质浓度、氮负荷及曝气量对自养脱氮反应影响较大.污泥压滤液中的有机物、pH值和碱度对单级自养脱氮反应影响较小.曝气量/ΔTN、曝气量/ΔNH4+-N及ΔALK/ΔTN比值可作为单级自养脱氮反应重要的运行指标.     

不同组成木质陶瓷对去除城市生活污水二级出水中有机物及氮磷的研究

以小麦秸秆、凹凸棒石、针铁矿为原料,以酚醛树脂为黏结剂,通过复合、热压、烧结等工艺过程制备出不同成分的木质陶瓷,并利用该系列木质陶瓷对城市二级出水中的有机物及氮磷进行吸附实验研究。结果表明,900℃下的木质陶瓷[m(麦秸)∶m(凹凸棒石)∶m(针铁矿)=1∶1∶1]COD及NH_3-N的吸附效果最佳,2 h可达吸附平衡,投加量为8 g/L时COD去除率达66.48%,投加量为6 g/L时氨氮去除率为69.72%,且酸性条件不利于COD的吸附,NH_3-N的最佳吸附p H范围是2~11。800℃下的木质陶瓷[(麦秸)∶m(凹凸棒石)∶m(针铁矿)=1∶2∶0]P的吸附效果最佳,15 min可达吸附平衡,投加量为6 g/L时总P去除率可达99.69%,p H值、转速、温度对吸附磷影响不大。     

Prevalence of alcohol-impaired driving and riding in northern Ghana

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the roadside prevalence of alcohol-impaired driving among drivers and riders in northern Ghana. The study also verifies motorists' perceptions of their own alcohol use and knowledge of the legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit in Ghana.

Method: With the assistance of police, systematic random sampling was used to collect data at roadblocks using a cross-sectional study design. Breathalyzers were used to screen whether motorists had detectable alcohol in their breath and follow-up breath tests were conducted to measure the actual breath alcohol levels among positive participants.

Results: In all, 9.7% of the 789 participants had detectable alcohol, among whom 6% exceeded the legal BAC limit of 0.08%. The prevalence of alcohol-impaired driving/riding was highest among cyclists (10% of all cyclists breath-tested) followed by truck drivers (9%) and motorcyclists (7% of all motorcyclists breath-tested). The occurrence of a positive BAC among cyclists was about 8 times higher (odds ratio [OR] = 7.73; P < .001) and it was 2 times higher among motorcyclists (OR = 2.30; P = .039) compared to private car drivers. The likelihood for detecting a positive BAC among male motorists/riders was higher than that among females (OR = 1.67; P = .354). The odds for detecting a positive BAC among weekend motorists/riders was significantly higher than on weekdays (OR = 2.62; P = .001).

Conclusion: Alcohol-impaired driving/riding in Ghana is high by international standards. In order to attenuate the harmful effects of alcohol misuse such as alcohol-impaired driving/riding, there is the need to educate road users about how much alcohol they can consume and stay below the legal limit. The police should also initiate random breath testing to instill the deterrence of detection, certainty of apprehension and punishment, and severity and celerity of punishment among drink-driving motorists and riders.     

超滤法处理回用印钞厂擦版液的研究

根据擦版液的特性,选择了适合处理擦版液的单皮层内压式中空纤维超滤膜,对超滤过程中的操作压力、料液温度、料液流速和固含量等工艺参数以及清洗药品和方法进行了研究。结果表明,当进口压力为0.17MPa,膜面流速在2,7m/s左右,循环液温度在40℃左右时,透水速度可达到50—60L(m.h)。操作过程中,只用透过液作简单清洗即可使透水速度得到较好的恢复。只有当透水速度衰减严重时,才在70℃条件下进行化学清洗,而且可以使透水速度得到较为彻底的恢复。化学清洗周期至少在1星期以上。     

络合萃取法处理工业含酚废水

设计了高效ＱＨ型络合萃取脱酚溶剂,建立了工业含酚废水络合萃取工艺,进行了不同种类含酚废水的络合萃取平衡和错流萃取的实验。结果表明,利用ＱＨ混合型络合萃取剂,通过２－３级错流接触（油水比为１：１）,废水残液中的酚类浓度小于０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ,可以达到国家规定的排放标准。初步研究表明,该法对废水中ＣＯＤ亦有较好的去除效果。     

固定床电化学反应器处理含铜废水研究

砩用一维反应器模型设计的固定床电化学反应器,对模拟含铜离子废水的处理进行了研究。实验表明,该反应器可用于处理含低铜离子废水,处理后既可回收有用Ｃｕ,又可使废水达到国家排放标准（≤１０＾－６）。讨论了Ｃｕ＾２＋的进口浓度、操作温度、操作电压、流体流速、处理注入电导率及反应器填充材料对处理过程的影响。依据实验室的操作对该处理过程进行了初步经济估价。     

Oxidative treatment of simulated dyehouse effluent by uv and near-UV light assisted Fenton's reagent

UV/Fenton, near-UV-visible/Fenton, dark Fenton, and H₂O₂/UV reactions have been used to treat simulated dyehouse effluents representing wastewater from the textile dyeing and rinsing process. Experiments were carried out in a lab - scale photochemical reactor using concentrations of 0.5–25 mM H₂O₂, 0.04-0.5 mM Fe²⁺-ion and different dilutions of textile wastewater. To assess the extent of mineralization, decolourization kinetics and the effect of different fight sources on treatment efficiency, DOC, optical density at 254 nm and 600 nm wavelength and residual H₂O₂ concentrations were measured during the course of the advanced oxidation reactions. Comparative evaluation of the obtained results revealed that the decolourization rate increased with applied H₂O₂ and Fe²⁺-ion dose as well as the strength of the synthetic textile wastewater. The best results were obtained by the near - UV/visible/Fenton process with a decolourization rate constant of 1.57 min⁻¹, a UV_254nm reduction of 97% and a DOC removal of 41% at relatively low doses of the H₂O₂ oxidant and Fe²⁺-ion catalyst within 60 min treatment time.     

苯甲酸生产废水的处理与资源化

为有效地回收甲苯液相氧化法生产苯甲酸的工业废水中的苯甲酸和乙酸,并配合废水生物降解的末端处理技术,研究了20%,30%和50%磷酸三丁酯(TBP)/煤油的混合溶剂、正辛醇和甲苯萃取苯甲酸稀溶液特性,以及对工业废水处理的实验.结果表明,TBP对苯甲酸稀溶液具有良好的萃取作用,而纯溶剂体系与溶剂的极性有关,正辛醇的萃取能力与30%TBP相当;残液中的COD_Cr值由萃取剂在水中的溶解和苯甲酸自身的COD_Cr值组成,其中残液中溶剂溶解导致的COD_Cr值随其中苯甲酸浓度变化不明显,且COD_Cr值的大小为:50%TBP≈30%TBP>正辛醇>20%TBP>甲苯.针对工业废水中主要含有苯甲酸和乙酸的工况,提出了废水资源化的处理工艺流程,即首先采用甲苯进行废水中苯甲酸的回收,之后,再利用三烷基氧磷/煤油为萃取剂回收废水中的醋酸,进一步生产绿色化学品乙酸钙镁盐.     

臭氧法在城市污水消毒中的应用

介绍了臭氧在水中的化学特性和消毒的基本原理,通过试验研究了臭氧在城市污水深度处理消毒中的反应过程,认为臭氧在城市污水处理二级出水中的消毒是可行的。