A NOTE ON THE USE OF ECONOMIC INCENTIVES IN WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT1

ABSTRACT The firms decision to invest in wastewater treatment facilities is influenced by the economic incentives provided. It is shown that the timing of investments in pollution control may be described by an extended version of the first year benefit criterion. The criterion developed may help to provide a better insight into the complex interaction of the various economic incentives used in pollution abatement.     

具有共轭结构的CDPVA/ZnO复合光催化剂的制备及其可见光催化性能

CDPVA是一种具有共轭多烯序列的聚乙烯醇(PVA)衍生物。通过低温热处理法制备了CDPVA/ZnO复合光催化剂。表征结果显示,PVA经低温热处理后形成了具有一定共轭结构的CDPVA并包覆于纳米ZnO颗粒表面,提高了光催化剂的可见光响应能力,有效促进了光生空穴和电子的分离。当PVA与纳米ZnO的质量比为1∶100时,CDPVA/ZnO的可见光催化活性最高;在催化剂投加量为0.5 g/L、初始罗丹明B质量浓度为4 mg/L、可见光照射50 min的条件下,罗丹明B降解率为97.51%,明显优于纯纳米ZnO;CDPVA/ZnO循环使用9次后仍保持较高的罗丹明B降解率,表明CDPVA的包覆有效抑制了纳米ZnO的光腐蚀,提高了光催化剂的稳定性。     

射流自吸式生物曝气塔处理废水的研究

用射流自吸式生物曝气塔对酒精生产废水及催化剂生产废水的处理进行了试验研究。与普通活性污泥法曝气池相比,射流自吸式生产曝气塔具有处理负荷高,停留时间短,处理量大的特点,是一种新型的生物反应器。     

Adsorption/desorption behavior between a novel amphoteric granular lignin adsorbent and reactive red K-3B in aqueous solutions

A novel amphoteric granular lignin adsorbent(AGLA) was prepared using magnesium lignosulfonate as a raw material which was provided by a straw sulfite pulp mill in Guangdong Province, China. A reactive dye(red K-3B) was used as an adsorbate to investigate the adsorption behavior by static and mobile ways. The removal of reactive red K-3B was found to be initially pH and concentration dependent.Moreover, an increase of solution temperature ranging from 5℃ to 60℃ helped to enhance the rate of intraparticle diffusion of adsorbate and changes in the size of the pores of the adsorbent and thus to reduce the adsorption time. The total breakthrough adsorption capacity was 531 mg/g, and the saturated adsorption capacity was 560 mg/g, which prevailed over the activated carbons evidently. The reactive red K-3B adsorbed on AGLA could be recovered with a mixture of alcohol, NaCI and HCI aqueous solutions. The recovery percentage could reach 92.4%.     

MANAGING POLLUTION FROM SSI<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">s</Emphasis> – DESIGNING FOR A SUSTAINABLE INSTITUTION

The common effluent treatment plants (CETPs) are being propagated as the policy response to circumvent the pollution problem from the small-scale industries (SSIs), which abound in developing countries. The formation of the CETPs has been hailed as a collective action or co-operative solution to a common problem involving all the agents responsible for pollution. This paper investigated the desired criteria for designing an institution aimed at solving a common resource problem and factors ensuring the smooth functioning or sustainability of the institution. The design criteria and factors are then tested on a CETP set up in the Indian state of Haryana. The CETP, which was commissioned in 1997 had to be converted to a sewage treatment plant (STP) as the collective arrangement collapsed. The criteria used in the present analysis are that of Ostrom’s [Governing the Commons. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 1990] design principles, whereas the factors considered for sustainability are the one suggested by Rawls [A Theory of Justice. USA, Harvard University Press, 1971]. The analysis indicates that the Kundli CETP failed in both counts as neither all the design principles were met nor did the institution fulfil different sustainability criteria. The paper concludes with the lessons that can be learnt from Kundli’s failure. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

酒精废水EIC处理技术及综合利用

介绍了旋流内循环（EIC）厌氧反应器处理高浓度酒精废水的方法及效果，用EIC反应器代替UASB处理工艺，具有污染物去除率高、沼气产生量大等优点，产生的沼气用于发电供热，取得了良好的经济效益、环境效益和社会效益。     

Computer aided injection moulding process analysis of polyvinyl alcohol-starch green biodegradable polymer compound

This study aims to investigate the injection moulding processability of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) blending with starch as biodegradable polymer compound. The PVOH-starch polymer compound can be used to produce environmental friendly plastic products. In this study, the injection moulding processability of PVOH-starch compound was computational analyzed by Moldflow^® software. A name tag article design was chosen to determine the appropriate processing parameters of PVOH blending with 50 wt.% (PPV55) and 60 wt.% (PPV46) of starch. The processing behaviour for both compositions of PVOH-starch compounds was characterized according to injection temperature and pressure, volumetric shrinkage and frozen layer fraction. Moldflow^® simulation outcomes exhibited that PPV55 required a higher injection pressure than PPV46. Meanwhile, the simulation outcomes also showed that the volumetric shrinkage of PPV55 is higher than PPV46. Both PPV46 and PPV55 require at least 20 s holding time to achieve stable production.     

短期暴露于城市污水处理厂尾水的文蛤抗氧化酶响应

为研究城市污水处理厂(STPs)尾水是否会引起海洋生物的氧化逆境,将取自青岛市李村河污水处理厂的尾水用海水稀释到不同浓度(0%、1%、5%、10%、20% V/V), 对文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)暴露培养15d, 分析其内脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性. 结果表明:SOD活性随尾水暴露时间延长基本表现为“抛物线型”的响应特征,体积比10%、20%的尾水暴露6~12d期间,文蛤体内SOD活性均受到诱导,最大增幅为15.88%;CAT和GPx对尾水的主要响应特征是抑制效应,分别在暴露9d、12d时最为明显,最大抑制率分别为64.38%和52.39%;较高浓度(20%)的尾水能够持续抑制GR活性,而其他处理组中,GR对尾水表现为“抛物线型”的响应特征,即:暴露3d或6d时活性增加,而后显著降低.GR活性的最大诱导出现在暴露3d和6d时,分别比对照组上升81.47%和80.91%.研究结果进一步表明STPs不能有效降解有害化学物质以消除尾水的毒性, 文蛤内脏SOD、CAT、GPx和GR活性能够敏感指示尾水诱导的氧化逆境.     

排水综合评价中的生物毒性测试技术

随着工业化和城市化的发展,工业废水和城市污水成为环境水体的主要污染源. 发达国家在实施基于BAT(the best applicable technology,最佳可行技术)的排放政策后,针对成分复杂的有毒排放废水,以排水生物毒性测试为基础,分别建立了WET(whole effluent toxicity,排水综合毒性)评价技术体系,将生态毒理学测试和毒性指标应用于排放废水的管理. 各国和区域组织选用的排放废水生物毒性测试方法存在较大差异: 美国、加拿大和澳大利亚国土面积大、气候类型复杂、生物物种差异大,开发了许多本土生物的毒性测试方法;德国、OSPAR(欧洲大陆国家组织《保护东北大西洋海洋环境公约》15国)和COHIBA(波罗的海有害物质控制项目8国)则重视开发标准受试生物的测试方法,并且开发了遗传毒性和内分泌干扰性等新型测试方法,便于不同国家采用统一测试方法和排放限值;英国和新西兰是岛国,河流较短,更加关注海岸带生态系统. 我国从20世纪80年代开始开展排水生物毒性测试技术研究,相关测试标准门类和数量不足,应充分借鉴发达国家的经验,分步、分区建立排水综合毒性测试标准体系.      

混合培养对城市污水厂二级出水培养能源微藻的生长促进作用

利用城市污水培养能源微藻可以实现水质净化和生物质生产的耦合,备受关注。生物质生产效率较低是限制其大规模应用的主要因素之一,混合培养是提高微藻生物质产率的一种潜在方法。为筛选出城市二级出水条件下合适的能源微藻混合藻种,考察了二级出水条件下3株高含油脂藻种栅藻LX1（Scenedesmussp. LX1）、椭圆小球藻YJ1（Chlorella ellipsoidea YJ1）和雨生红球藻（Haematococcus pluvislis）单一藻种和两两混合培养时的生长特性,比较了各微藻单一藻种及两两混合培养时的生长特性参数及生物质产量。研究结果表明,3种微藻的两两混合组合均能在二级出水条件下正常生长,各微藻干物质量浓度在第10天左右均能达到100 mg·L^-1左右。与栅藻LX1和椭圆小球藻YJ1相比,雨生红球藻在两两混合培养条件下表现出更高的藻细胞干物质量浓度增长趋势。3种微藻的内禀生长速率均显著高于各自的单一培养,栅藻 LX1和雨生红球藻混合培养时分别达到最高内禀增长速率（分别为1.36 d^-1、0.97 d^-1）。栅藻LX1与雨生红球藻混合培养时比生长速率分别为0.59 d^-1和0.42 d^-1,分别比栅藻LX1和雨生红球藻的单一藻种培养提高了36%、9.0%。与单一藻种相比,混合培养促进了微藻的生物质产量,栅藻LX1和雨生红球藻混合藻种的生物质产量（277 mg·L^-1）分别比栅藻LX1、雨生红球藻的单一藻种培养提高了64%和42%。栅藻LX1与雨生红球藻藻种组合具备作为二级出水条件下能源微藻培养合适混合藻种的潜力。