浙江金华秋季干气溶胶中主要化学组分的消光贡献解析

造成雾霾事件的主要原因是高浓度的大气细颗粒物污染.为了深入研究大气细颗粒物的消光来源,本研究采用高时间分辨率气溶胶观测仪器获得了浙江金华秋季PM1主要化学组分浓度及干气溶胶吸收系数和散射系数演变情况.结合有机气溶胶正矩阵因子解析模型(PMF)和多元线性回归方法,建立了拟合优度很高(R2=0.977)的细颗粒物中主要化学组分与干气溶胶消光系数间的定量关系模型.结果表明,观测期间消光贡献最大的是硫酸铵,贡献率为35.1%;其次是硝酸铵,贡献率为26.7%;二次有机气溶胶(SOA)、生物质燃烧有机气溶胶(BBOA)、黑碳(BC)及氯化铵的消光贡献率分别为14.3%、11.2%、8.7%、4.0%.在一些特定污染时段,BBOA具有最大的消光贡献,是导致此时大气能见度大幅度衰减的首要因子.     

环境空气中气态和颗粒态总氟化物分析方法优化

对双层磷酸氢二钾浸渍滤膜采集-氟离子选择电极测定环境空气中1、24 h气态和颗粒态总氟化物的方法进行了优化研究。方法采用小流量采集(24 h采样流量为16.7 L/min,1 h采样流量为50 L/min),解决了现有方法在样品采集上的问题,优化了样品制备中超声提取和静置方法。采样体积为3、24 m~3时,方法检出限分别为0.5、0.06μg/m~3,测定下限分别为2.0、0.24μg/m~3。实际样品测定,采样1 h时,加标回收率为87.9%~109%;采样24 h时,加标回收率为80.2%~99.3%,平行样测定的精密度为0.3%~2.9%,方法精密度和准确度良好,适用于环境空气中氟化物的测定。     

环境空气中多环芳烃的采样与分析技术

文章对环境空气中多环芳烃的采样与分析方法进行了概述,侧重介绍了样品的采集、净化、采样效率的评估方法和采样分析全过程的质量控制.     

加油站油气处理装置VOCs化学组成及二次污染生成贡献

加油站油气处理装置是控制埋地油罐油气压力并对油气进行回收处理的装置,测试分析油气处理装置进口和出口挥发性有机物(VOCs)化学组成,利用最大增量反应活性(MIR)和气溶胶生成系数(FAC)估算VOCs的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOAP),量化评估其二次污染生成贡献.结果表明：(1)油气处理装置进口和出口ρ(TVOC)分别为436～706 g·m^-3和4.98～10.04 g·m^-3,VOCs排放主要为烷烃(72%±4%)、含氧有机物(14%±2%)和烯烃(11%±5%).不同处理工艺VOCs排放差异较小,关键物种均为异戊烷(约25%),其次为正丁烷、异丁烷和正戊烷.(2)油气处理装置出口排放的VOCs臭氧生成系数(SR值)为2.6～3.3 g·g^-1,OFP为3.5～25.6 g·m^-3,其中烯烃对OFP贡献率(43%～69%)最大,其次为烷烃(20%～35%)和含氧有机物(10%～22%),OFP主要贡献物种为丁烯、顺-2-丁烯、反-2-丁烯、异戊烷和丙醛.(3)油气处理装...     

Size distribution of the secondary organic aerosol particles from the photooxidation of toluene

In a smog chamber, the photooxidation of toluene was initiated by hydroxyl radical （OH.） under different experimental conditions. The size distribution of secondary organic aerosol（SOA） particles from the above reaction was measured using aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometer. It was found from our experimental results that the number of SOA particles increased with increasing the concentration of toluene. As the reaction time prolonged, the sum of SOA particles was also increased. After a reaction time of 130 min, the concentration of secondary organic aerosol particles would be kept constant at 2300 particles/cm^3. Increasing illumination power of blacklamps could significantly induce a higher concentration of secondary organic aerosol particle. The density of SOA particles would also be increased with increasing concentration of CH30NO, however, it would be decreased as soon as the concentration of CH30NO was larger than 225.2 ppm. Nitrogen oxide with initial concentration higher than 30. 1 ppm was also found to have little effect on the formation of secondary organic aerosol.     

杭州市大气气溶胶光学厚度研究

利用2011~2012年杭州国家基准气候站内太阳光度计(CE-318)观测资料,分析杭州市气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)和Angstrom波长指数(α)的变化特征.结果表明,2011~2012年杭州市AOD500nm年平均值为0.86±0.47,α440~870nm年平均值为1.25±0.23.AOD季节变化特征不明显,主要与该地区天气形势以及内外源影响密切相关.α季节变化差异也不大,受北方带来的沙尘气溶胶影响,春季α略偏低.AOD呈现单峰型日变化特征,峰值出现在15:00,谷值出现在06:00,午后AOD明显升高主要与强烈的太阳辐射引起光化学反应产生的二次气溶胶以及近地层气溶胶在湍流输送作用下向城市上空扩散有关.从频率分布来看,AOD和α频率分布均呈现明显的单峰特征,并且较好的符合对数正态分布.α在高值区间1.1~1.7出现频率为77.8%,表明杭州市以平均半径较小的气溶胶粒子为主,属于城市-工业型气溶胶类型.杭州市AOD的高值(>1.0)主要表现为粗模态气溶胶以及细模态气溶胶的吸湿增长.     

上海城市周边地区主要环境问题及其对策

上海是我国社会经济发展中心，近20年来，随着产业结构的调整，上海城市周边地区经济蒸蒸日下，但是随之而来的环境问题也日益严重，并呈现其鲜的特点。分析上海城市周边地区的主要环境问题，结果表明该区大气污染有从市区向郊县转移的迹象。东部河口区及滨岸带水污染加剧，主要表现在重金属污染和营养盐所引发的赤潮问题相比过去都有增加的趋势，一些难降解的有机物，如多环芳烃的富积也愈发严重，研究区内的苊，蒽，已经超出了ER－L和ISQV－low值，已具有潜在的不利的生物影响效应；另外，上海周边地区非点源污染问题也日益突出，其中畜禽尿粪污染，生活污染以及农药和化肥污染在非点源污染中更为。针对这些特征提出了一系列建议及对策。     

The Assessment of Atmospheric Pollution using Satellite Remote Sensing Technology in Large Cities in the Vicinity of Airports

This paper investigates the potential of usingsatellite remotely sensed imagery for assessing atmosphericpollution. A novel approach, which comprised radiativetransfer calculations and pseudo-invariant targets fordetermining aerosol optical thickness has been developed.The key parameter for assessing atmospheric pollution inphotochemical air pollution studies is the aerosol opticalthickness. The need for identifying suitable pseudo-invariantobjects in satellite images of urban areas is of great interest for increasing the potential of earthobservation for monitoring air pollution in such areas. Theidentification of large water bodies and concrete apronsthat can serve as suitable dark and bright targetsrespectively in different geographical areas wasdemonstrated in this study. This study added evidence onthe correlation found between the visibility valuesmeasured at Heathrow Airport area during satellite overpassand aerosol optical thickness derived from Landsat-5 TMband 1 images.     

Variation of particle number and mass concentration in various size ranges of ambient aerosols in Eastern Germany

There is an ongoing debate on the question which size fraction of particles in ambient air may be responsible for short-term responses of the respiratory system as observed in several epidemiological studies. However, the available data on ambient particle concentrations in various size ranges are not sufficient to answer this question.Therefore, on 180 days during the winter 1991/92 daily mean size distributions of ambient particles were determined in. Erfurt, a city in Eastern Germany. In the range 0.01–0.3 μm particles were classified by an electrical mobility analyzer and in the range 0.1–2.5 μm by an optical particle counter. From the derived size distributions, number and mass concentrations were calculated.The mean number concentration over this period of time was governed by particles smaller than 0.1 μm (72%), whereas the mean mass concentration was governed by particles in the size range 0.1–0.5 pm (83%). The contribution of particles larger than 0.5 μm to the overall number concentration was negligible and so was the contribution of particles smaller than 0.1 μm to the overall mass concentration. Furthermore, total number and mass concentrations in the range 0.01–2.5 μm were poorly correlated.The results suggest that particles larger than 2.5 μm (or even larger than 0.5 μm) are rare in the European urban environment so that the inhalation of these particles is probably not relevant for human health. Since particle number and mass concentrations can be considered poorly correlated variables, more insight into health-related aspects of particulate air pollution will be obtained by correlating respiratory responses with mass and number concentrations of ambient particles below 0.5 μm.     

Ambient air analysis round robin

A laboratory intercomparison study was carried out to determine the current capability of Canadian laboratories for the analysis of dioxins and furans in ambient air. Seven laboratories (government and private) participated in the analysis of exposed foam/filter samples, ambient air extracts and standard mixtures. The results indicated that a number of laboratories were capable of the aforementioned analyses; however, further analytical methodology development is also required.