A/O脱氮工艺实时控制对策的试验研究

以人工合成废水为研究对象,系统研究了提高A/O(anoxic/oxic)工艺氨氮和硝酸氮去除效率的实时控制对策.氨氮控制的本质是通过控制DO设定值和好氧区体积大小使出水氨氮浓度达标排放.硝酸氮控制的本质在于高效利用缺氧区反硝化潜力,为此建立了以调节内循环回流量或(和)外碳源投加量维持缺氧区末端硝酸氮浓度处于设定值的实时控制对策.系统控制采用两级结构,高水平监控层用来选择低水平执行层的设定值,而低水平执行层对DO值、好氧区体积、内循环回流量和外碳源投加量进行直接控制,试验表明上述控制对策可以显著提高系统脱氮效率,降低出水氨氮和硝酸氮浓度,并最大程度节约运行费用.     

曝气生物滤池中总有机碳及氨氮的变化和对硝化作用的影响

采用以页岩陶粒为载体的曝气生物滤池(BAF)为反应器,研究了BAF运行中总有机碳和NH4 -N浓度沿滤层变化的规律,以及对硝化作用的影响.结果显示,在进行污水深度处理时,在BAF前段TOC的去除率占滤池总去除率的72.3%～100%;NH4 -N的去除率占滤池总去除率的91.8%～100%.碳化与硝化作用并存于BAF中,硝化作用随滤层加深而加强.水质和BAF滤料的结构特点是影响碳化与硝化作用的主要因素.     

Application of electrochemical reactor divided by cellulosic membrane for optimized simultaneous removal of phenols,chromium, and ammonia from tannery effluents

The post treatment of simulated tannery wastewater was evaluated in an electrochemical oxidation process under galvanostatic conditions. A continuous flow reactor divided by a cellulosic membrane consisted of Ti/SnO₂–Sb anodes and iron cathodes was used. Central composite design and response surface methodology (RSM) were applied to investigate the effects of six operational parameters, namely initial concentration of total phenols (TPh), total chromium (TCr), total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), flow rate (Q), current intensity (I), and electrode surface area (A). Effectiveness of the innovative cellulosic membrane was proven by considerable pH variations in the anolyte and catholyte chambers. A faster removal rate was observed for TPh and TAN, followed by TCr. The treatment level was very sensitive to Q and I in the studied ranges. RSM showed the removal efficiencies of 78.14%, 63.42%, and 86.09% for TPh, TCr, and TAN, respectively, are achieved under optimal conditions with consumption of only 9.03 kWh m^?3 electrical energy. Chlorinated compounds such as chloroform, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and chlorobenzene were detected as the degradation intermediates. According to the obtained results, electrolysis in the divided cell with cellulosic membrane is a practical, cost-effective method for advanced treatment of tannery effluents.     

湖泊沉积物中氨氧化微生物的amoA基因数量

采用定量PCR方法测定了4个湖泊沉积物中氨氧化微生物的amoA基因数量,并分析了其与环境因子之间的关系. 结果表明:小南湖AOA(氨氧化古菌)和AOB(氨氧化细菌)的amoA基因数量最多,分别达2.1×104和2.8×103copies/g(以干质量计,下同);梁子湖仅检测到了AOA amoA基因的存在,平均值为4.9×103copies/g. 东湖和汤逊湖的AOA amoA基因数量比较接近,约为3.0×103copies/g,然而AOB的amoA基因数量在这2个湖泊中仅分别为37和86copies/g;在这些采样点中,AOA的amoA基因数量是AOB的3~278倍. 统计分析发现,随着湖泊营养水平和间隙水中ρ(NH₄+)的上升,AOA和AOB的amoA基因数量均呈增加趋势,但ρ(NH₄+)增加对AOB的促进作用要大于AOA,导致AOA和AOB的amoA基因数量比值与间隙水中ρ(NH₄+)呈显著负相关. pH上升对2类氨氧化微生物的抑制作用则与ρ(NH₄+)增加对它们的促进作用相反. 沉积物中amoA基因数量与间隙水中ρ(NO₂-)无显著相关性,但与ρ(NO₃-)呈显著正相关. 由于ρ(NH₄+)与ρ(DO)之间呈显著负相关,因此认为ρ(DO)与氨氧化微生物amoA基因数量之间的显著负相关可能更多的是对ρ(NH₄+)与氨氧化微生物amoA基因数量之间紧密关系的一种间接反应.      

洱海表层沉积物中总氮含量及氨氮的释放特征

通过现场调查和室内模拟试验,对洱海具有代表性的9个表层沉积物样品中w(TN)的分布特征以及沉积物中NH₄+-N释放动力学特征进行了研究. 结果表明,洱海表层沉积物中w(TN)在2.0844～6.5153g/kg之间,平均值为3.5378g/kg,北部西岸为高值区,南部(靠近大理市)为次高值区. 一级动力学模型可很好地拟合洱海表层沉积物NH₄+-N释放动力学特征,NH₄+-N最大释放量在0.1209～0.2810g/kg之间;释放主要集中在0~5min内,约占最大释放量的68%~83%;随后释放速率逐渐放缓,到120min后基本达到释放平衡.运用无限稀释法对沉积物NH₄+-N释放潜能进行测定表明,洱海沉积物NH₄+-N释放潜能在1.7001~3.5879 g/kg之间,在水土质量比约为2500时,NH₄+-N释放量达到最大,随后释放逐渐趋于平衡. 洱海沉积物NH₄+-N释放潜能及最大释放量均与其w(TN)呈显著正相关. 洱海沉积物中w(TN)与NH₄+-N释放潜能和最大释放量均高于长江中下游湖泊,具有较大的氮释放风险.      

A comprehensive model to estimate the simultaneous release of acidic and basic gaseous pollutants from swine slurry under different scenarios

Swine slurry is a source of atmospheric pollutants. Emissions of basic and acidic compounds from slurry are largely dependent on the surface pH. In a storage system, the pH at the surface layers changes over time due to the volatilisation of ammonia (NH₃), carbon dioxide (CO₂) and acetic acid (HAc). In this article, a comprehensive gas emission–pH (GE–pH) coupled model is proposed to describe the simultaneous release of acidic and basic gaseous pollutants from swine slurry. The model was applied to describe the release of NH₃, CO₂, HAc and hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) from standard slurries stored in animal houses, outside storage tanks and lagoons. The modelled results agreed well with values reported in the literature and could be reasonably interpreted. The key parameters affecting the release of gases were: initial pH, initial concentration of total ammonium nitrogen and inorganic carbon, slurry temperature and air velocity. This study suggests that future modelling studies on gas emissions from animal slurry should consider the concentration of inorganic carbon and the frequency in which the slurry surface is mixed or altered, because they affect the surface pH and the release of gaseous pollutants from slurry.     

我国电解锰行业氨氮污染分析与控制

我国"十二五"期间将氨氮纳入总量控制指标,电解锰行业氨氮污染控制变得非常紧迫。介绍了电解锰氨氮污染的现状,分析了电解锰氨氮污染的产生途径以及电解锰生产中的氨氮平衡,依据"源头消减、过程控制、末端循环"的清洁生产理念,提出了电解锰氨氮污染的控制措施。     

基于Realizable k－ε 湍流模型的氨气泄漏数值模拟研究

针对液氨泄漏事故,为了分析不同泄漏点、不同排风条件下氨气的运移规律,以便合理设置应急处置装备、采取有效措施,基于Realizable k－ε的氨气泄漏有限元数值模拟分析方法,计算了液氨泄漏质量,模拟分析了增加排风口、不同液氨泄漏口及不同液氨泄漏量的氨气扩散规律及浓度变化情况。模拟结果表明:对流排风口位置对于泄漏氨气浓度影响较大,泄漏口位置对泄漏氨气扩散影响不显著;氨气泄漏量的增加使得泄漏口垂直方向氨气浓度显著增加。     

不同形态氮对洋河水库螺旋鱼腥藻和惠氏微囊藻生长的影响

利用室内培养试验比较研究了硝酸盐氮和氨氮对洋河水库螺旋鱼腥藻和惠氏微囊藻生长的影响. 结果表明:ρ(氨氮)和ρ(硝酸盐氮)均在0.05～10 mg/L内时,螺旋鱼腥藻的生长曲线无显著性差异,氨氮更有利于螺旋鱼腥藻的生长;在0.05～10 mg/L内,ρ(氨氮)和ρ(硝酸盐氮)的升高能明显促进惠氏微囊藻的生长,但高浓度的氨氮可能会抑制其生长. 当ρ(硝酸盐氮) 为0.05 mg/L时,螺旋鱼腥藻比生长速率(0.239 d-1)大于惠氏微囊藻(0.166 d-1); ρ(氨氮)为0.05和0.5 mg/L时,螺旋鱼腥藻的比生长速率分别为(0.266±0.012)和(0.303±0.005)d-1,大于惠氏微囊藻的比生长速率(0.096±0.004)和(0.272±0.008)d-1. 提示在ρ(氨氮)和ρ(硝酸盐氮)较低的培养条件下,螺旋鱼腥藻比生长速率更高,更易成为优势藻种. 洋河水库近2年优势种逐渐从螺旋鱼腥藻转变为惠氏微囊藻,可能是水体中ρ(氮)的变化所致.      

紫色土小流域土壤及氮磷流失特征研究

紫色土区土壤及其养分流失对长江水环境产生严重威胁。然而,有关该地区自然降雨侵蚀下土壤及氮磷流失规律的研究却较为少见。以紫色土农田利用为主小流域为研究对象,监测自然降雨侵蚀下土壤及其氮磷的流失过程,以期服务于流域尺度土壤及养分流失的模拟与控制。结果表明,次降雨径流含沙量与流量的变化基本同步,峰值含沙量往往出现在峰值流量处或略有提前,此后,含沙量迅速降低。硝态氮流失浓度与流量的变化成反比,峰值流量处流失浓度一般达到最低,此后,随着流量的降低,其流失浓度存在较为明显的升高过程。铵态氮与水溶性磷的流失表现为剧烈波动的变化特征。氮素流失的主要形态是硝态氮,其占到次降雨无机氮流失总量的88%～97%。