Performance of an ANAMMOX reactor treating wastewater generated by antibiotic and starch production processes

A pilot-scale anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) reactor was used to treat mixed wastewater resulting from a chlortetracycline and starch production process. The results, collected over the course of 272 days, show that the ratio of influent ammonium to nitrite, pH, and temperature can all affect the efficiency of nitrogen removal. The ratio of influent ammonium to nitrite was maintained at about 1:1 at a concentration below 200 mg·L^-1 for both influent ammonium and nitrite. The total nitrogen (TN) loading rate was 0.15–0.30 kgN·m^-3·d^-1, pH remained at 7.8–8.5, and temperature was recorded at 33±1°C. The rate of removal of ammonia, nitrite, and TN were over 90%, 90%, and 80%, and the effluent ammonium, nitrite and TN concentrations were below 50, 30, and 100 mg·L^-1.     

Upgrade of three municipal wastewater treatment lagoons using a high surface area media

Lagoon-based municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are facing difficulties meeting the needs of rapid population growth as well as the more stringent requirements of discharge permits. Three municipal WWTPs were modified using a high surface area media with upgraded fine-bubble aeration systems. Performance data collected showed very promising results in terms of five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), ammonia (NH₃) and total suspended solids (TSS) removal. Two-year average ammonia effluents were 4.1 mg·L^-1 for Columbia WWTP, 4 mg·L^-1 for Larchmont WWTP and 2.1 mg·L^-1 for Laurelville WWTP, respectively. Two- year average BOD₅ effluents were 6.8, 4.9 and 2.7 mg·L^-1, and TSS effluents were 15.0, 9.6 and 7.5 mg·L^-1. The systems also showed low fecal coliform (FC) levels in their effluents.     

空气中微量氨气快速检测试剂盒的研制

应用显色剂与氨在一定条件下反应生成一种蓝绿色化合物的原理,研制出一种简单、快速测定氨气含量的试剂盒.对不同实验条件进行比较,筛选出了最佳实验条件.采样体积0.1 L,检测管外径3.2～3.3 mm,内径1.8 mm,吸附载体为80～100目活化SiO2/SnO2复合材料与吸附剂、催化剂、显色剂的混合物,采气速度为0.01 L/min,采样时间10 min,显色时间5 min.实验结果表明,检测试剂盒显色强度与氨气浓度呈线性关系,最低检测浓度为0.1 mg/m3,重现性较好.与国标对照实验中,6次测定结果的平均相对误差为6.23%,小于15%; 一次测定最大相对误差7.4%,小于25%; 重复测定的相对标准偏差为5%～8%; 样品中加入2 μg的氨,其回收率为95%～110%,符合GB 7530-87要求.一定量的有机胺、甲醛、H2S会产生干扰.试剂盒使用寿命在8个月以上.     

工艺条件对垃圾渗滤液硝化生物强化特性的影响

通过探索垃圾渗滤液硝化生物强化体系中进、出水含氮化合物形态的转化规律及采用测定呼吸耗氧速率来表征硝化菌群的生物活性等方法研究了不同pH值、进水NH4 -N浓度(负荷)、DO条件下体系的硝化特性.研究发现,酸性条件下,垃圾渗滤液的亚硝化作用较硝化作用受抑制程度大,碱性条件下相反.为了维持较高的硝化效率,垃圾渗滤液的硝化生物强化pH值宜控制在7.5～8.5.实验体系所能承受的氨氮浓度和负荷上限分别为300 mg/L和0.6 kg NH4 -N/(m3·d)左右,当进水NH4 -N浓度和负荷过高时,硝化细菌活性下降幅度较亚硝化细菌要显著得多.DO影响因子实验表明,DO水平的控制对垃圾渗滤液的生物硝化程度有重要影响,当DO控制在0.5～0.6mg/L时,氨氮的氧化以亚硝化作用为主,当DO控制在1.1～2.6 mg/L时,垃圾渗滤液的硝化作用进行得较彻底.     

铵饱和天然钙型沸石的化学再生效果

为实现沸石人工湿地的长期高效运行,以铵饱和天然钙型沸石为对象,通过沸石化学再生试验,从6种常用化学再生剂(NaCl+NaOH,NaCl+CaCl₂和NaCl+NaHCO₃组合型,以及NaCl,CaCl₂和NaHCO₃)中筛选出最佳再生剂,并优化了再生剂适用条件. 结果表明,NaCl+CaCl₂组合型再生剂能提升沸石再生率10%～20%,且不影响沸石结构,是一种较优的再生剂. 采用NaCl+CaCl₂组合型再生剂,Na+在沸石再生初期起主导作用,而当c(Na＋)较低时,Ca2+的离子交换作用逐渐起主导作用,因而采用该组合型再生剂能显著提升再生剂效果的持久性. 再生条件优化试验表明,当c(NaCl)∶c(CaCl₂)为7∶3,即当Ca2+和Na+所带正电荷数接近时,组合型再生剂再生率相对较高;当再生温度低于45℃时,升高温度能显著提升沸石再生率;而再生剂投加量为0.6 mol/L(以再生剂中的阳离子浓度计)时,组合型再生剂投加量最经济.      

余氯对再生水中铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)的生长抑制作用

以北京市污水处理厂二级出水为对象,考察了余氯对再生水中铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)生长的影响.实验表明,0.2 mg·l~(-1)以上的余氯对铜绿微囊藻的生长有明显抑制效果,抑制率在培养第2天达60%-80%,第8天达99%,抑制效果持续60d.再生水中的氨氮浓度越高,余氯对铜绿微囊藻的抑制效果越差.氯的不同形态对铜绿微囊藻的生长抑制效果不同,氯对铜绿微囊藻的抑制效果优于氯胺.     

纳氏试剂光度法测定水和废水中氨氮关键问题的研究

结合环境监测工作实际,应用国标经典分析方法——《纳氏试剂光度法》(GB7479-1987)对水和废水中氨氮的测定进行系统的研究。深入探讨运用该方法进行水和废水中氨氮测定中的一些关键操作技术问题,指出为适应"清洁分析、节能环保"的要求,应加强对环境友好型分析测试方法的研发与推广。     

Strengthening effects of ammonia nitrogen on the harmless biological treatment of oily sludge

To improve the efficiency of oil degradation and strengthen the harmless treatment of oily sludge, three dominant strains identified as Chryseomicrobium sp. YL2, Gordonia sp. YL3 and Acinetobacter sp. YL5 were isolated from soil near a refinery, and the effects on the bioremediation of the oily sludge from the refinery were investigated. The results showed that the efficiency of oil degradation increased by 31.5% compared with the control when the dominant strains were added to the treatment of oily sludge. Furthermore, the dominant strains could use oil as a carbon source for heterotrophic nitrification–aerobic denitrification. The addition of ammonia nitrogen resulted in a large number of remaining microbes and heightened dehydrogenase activity in the oily sludge, further accelerating oil degradation, mainly for C₁₁ to C₂₅ saturated hydrocarbons, and the oil degradation efficiency increased by 40.8%. After 120 days of bioremediation, the biotoxicity of oily sludge, which was expressed by the equivalent phenol concentration, decreased by 40.0% compared with that of the control, indicating that the addition of ammonia nitrogen enhanced the biodegradation of oil. This method can be used to strengthen the harmless treatment of oily sludge in practical engineering applications.     

影响吹脱塔对垃圾渗滤液氨吹脱效率因素研究

垃圾渗滤液氨氮含量高,用吹脱塔进行氨吹脱时,pH值、水温、气液比对吹脱效率有较大的影响。当pH在9．2～11．5时,吹脱效率随pH值增加而提高;但高于11．5,吹脱效率随pH值增加变化不大。水温越高,吹脱效率越高。气液比在3500m^3／m^3以下时,随着气液比的升高,吹脱效率显著升高,但当气液比上升至3500m^3／m^3以上时,吹脱效率变化较平稳。氨氮浓度的高低对吹脱效率影响不大。     

城市化过程对氨氮排放的驱动作用与空间交互特征——以长三角地区为例

解析城市化过程对水污染物排放的驱动机制及其空间演化特征,对科学管控水污染物超标排放和源头上减少水污染物入水具有重要意义,是生态文明建设时期推进城市绿色发展、打造高质量人居环境的重要施策依据.以长江三角洲为例,建立县域氨氮排放和人口社会经济数据库,在揭示2011—2015年长三角地区氨氮排放的时空演变特征基础上,构建基于STIRPAT框架的驱动力分析模型,运用空间计量方法定量估计人口城市化和土地城市化对氨氮排放的驱动作用,并通过设置不同阈值的反距离空间权重矩阵测度其空间交互效应.结果表明：①2011—2015年长三角地区氨氮排放整体规模下降显著,氨氮高值排放区县向沿海和地市中心快速收缩,热点区分布呈沿海持续集聚、内陆不断减少,在动态变化中,在长三角地区形成了圈层式分布格局;②空间溢出效应显著,即本地的氨氮排放明显受到周边地区的影响.长三角城市化过程总体上缓解了区域的氨氮排放压力,人口规模和经济水平会驱动区域氨氮排放增加,外商直接投资和固定资产投资规模则抑制了氨氮排放;③土地城市化和人口城市化会加剧本地氨氮排放,但会吸引相邻区县人口、资源要素集聚,并通过绿色生产生活方式的辐射促进邻地氨氮排放下降.空间交互特征表明,以城市群和都市圈为主体,在100 km范围内,高度城市化地区的集聚效应和示范作用驱动了氨氮排放下降.