三维电极处理氨氮废水的电化学反应特性

采用无短路电流的电极粒子串作为三维电极的填充材料,以更好地揭示其电化学反应特性.研究证实在电化学反应过程中涉及到两个阶段,80min前氨氮的去除机理主要是与在粒子电极阴极端产生的羟基自由基发生电氧化反应,80min后少量的中归反应起到协同作用,从而达到更佳的去除效果.实验结果还说明随着槽电压的增大,氨氮去除率不断增大;当电压为25V,pH值为10的情况下得到较大的去除率.     

Septic tank and agricultural non‐point source pollution within a rural watershed

This investigation addresses the problem of Non‐Point Source (NPS) pollution in the rural Lake Weatherford watershed in Parker County, Texas. This reservoir is the primary municipal water supply for the City of Weatherford, Texas. The principal method of wastewater disposal is the on‐site system or septic tanks for the small residential areas surrounding the reservoir.

Sources of NPS pollution of interest in this watershed include agricultural operations as well as the residential areas. These sites were identified with the aid of aerial photography and field investigation. Suspected NPS problems were substantiated through a sampling program involving chemical and biological testing of the reservoir. Results indicate that there is significant NPS pollution contamination of Lake Weatherford from agricultural sources and seepage from on‐site wastewater disposal systems. Excessive fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus counts (>500 bacteria/100 ml) were generally associated with rainfall events and several samples showed values > 100000 bacteria/100 ml. The fecal coliform/fecal streptococcus ratios indicated contamination from human sources, animal sources, and a combination of both. Nutrient concentrations fluctuated from quite low to high with ammonia as the most consistent problem. High ammonia values were also associated with rainfall events.     

氨法烟气脱硫湿式电除尘技术的工业应用

燃煤电厂采用湿式钙法或氨法脱硫,利用喷淋碱液吸收烟气中的SO2。脱硫后尾气含有大量的钙盐或铵盐的固态和液态微粒,这些细微颗粒物气溶胶随烟气从烟囱排出后进入大气,成为灰霾的重要组成部分,是形成PM2.5污染的主要原因之一。介绍了J-TECH氨法脱硫及湿式电除尘(电除雾)技术的原理、工艺流程、技术特点,阐述了该技术在传统氨法脱硫技术上的关键突破,经应用验证实际运行脱硫效率大于98%,出口颗粒物浓度小于20 mg/m3,氨逃逸低于5 mg/m3,出口烟气无铵盐夹带,达到预期目标。     

垄作对降低黄土高原南部冬小麦田氨挥发风险的影响

为研究黄土高原南部冬小麦田NH₃挥发对垄作的响应,揭示其释放机制及污染风险,于2011—2013年冬小麦生长季,按照随机裂区试验设计布置田间试验,采用通气式田间原位酸吸收方法测定NH₃挥发. 主区为常规栽培及3种垄作,副区为2种施N(氮)处理——未施N(0 kg/hm2,以N计)和施N(180 kg/hm2). 结果表明:不同施N处理下,各耕作模式NH₃挥发通量在施肥后10 d均达到峰值,在施肥后30 d稳定在较低水平. 垄作单季NH₃累积挥发量(以N计)平均值为5.748 kg/hm2,比常规栽培降低4.9%;施N处理下NH₃累积挥发量平均值为6.512 kg/hm2,比未施N处理提高26.8%. 氮肥NH₃挥发损失率为0.47%~1.38%,其中垄作平均损失率比常规栽培降低60.1%. 不同施N处理下,各耕作模式NH₃挥发通量与土壤w(NH₄+)、含水量呈正相关;与25 cm深度处土壤温度、pH在冬前(施肥播种至土壤结冰阶段)呈正相关,而在冬后(土壤解冻至小麦收获阶段)则呈负相关. 土壤w(NH₄+)和土壤温度是控制NH₃挥发的两大主要因素. 冬前垄作降低NH₃挥发通量主要是由于垄作集中深施肥会增加NH₃挥发扩散阻力所致. 可见,旱作冬小麦种植区采用垄作可降低NH₃挥发风险.      

模拟光伏曝气硝化SBR自动控制策略及其AOB群落结构

采用模拟光伏曝气硝化SBR(序批式反应器)去除污水中的NH₄+-N,探究适用于反应器硝化过程的自动控制策略,并采用PCR(聚合酶链式反应)和TA克隆考察反应器内AOB(氨氧化细菌)群落结构. 结果表明,反应器可在15 d内成功启动,NH₄+-N平均去除率达97.8%,出水ρ(NH₄+-N)平均值为0.67 mg/L. ρ(DO)和pH变化曲线上均存在指示氨氧化终点的特征点——氨谷和DO肘,可通过d pH/d t(pH导数)准确判断氨氧化终点,而d ρ(DO)/d t〔ρ(DO)导数〕信号波动较大. Nitrosomonas为反应器内绝对优势AOB,但AOB的群落结构并不稳定,只有2个OTU(分类操作单元)在7个克隆文库(d15、d30、d45、d60、d75、d90和d105)中均有分布,AOB群落结构的平均变化率(Δ₁₅ d)为22.1%±16.5%,20%的AOB累积相对丰度随时间变化范围为40.0%~60.7%,表明维持硝化SBR稳定运行的关键是AOB的多样性及群落结构的动态变化,而不是某些特定的AOB种.      

UASB1-A/O-UASB2深度处理垃圾渗滤液

针对传统垃圾渗滤液生物处理TN去除率低、投加碳源成本高的问题,采用UASB1-A/O-UASB2(单级上流式厌氧污泥床+缺氧/好氧+后置上流式厌氧污泥床)工艺处理实际垃圾渗滤液,实现NH₄+-N和TN的同步深度脱除,并且定量解析了A/O反应器实现并维持稳定短程硝化的影响因素. 结果表明:以V(垃圾渗滤液)∶V(生活污水)为1∶5的混合液作为进水,其ρ(COD_Cr)、ρ(TN)和ρ(NH₄+-N)分别为1 700~1 800、660~700和650~680 mg/L,最终出水COD_Cr、TN和NH₄+-N去除率均在95%以上,出水ρ(TN)为38 mg/L,满足GB 16889—2008《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》的排放要求. 在好氧反应器中,FA(游离氨)与FNA(游离亚硝酸)对NOB(硝化细菌)的联合抑制作用是实现NO₂--N积累率稳定在80%以上的主要原因,而产生的NO₂--N和NO₃--N可在UASB2中以难降解的有机物为碳源,通过反硝化途径被去除. 研究显示,组合系统可实现对TN的深度去除.      

Influencing mechanism of high solid concentration on anaerobic mono-digestion of sewage sludge without agitation

High-solids anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge was a promising process, but high solid concentration negatively influenced methane production. The influencing mechanism was systematically analyzed in this study through a series of static anaerobic digestion experiments at total solids (TS) contents of 3%–15%. The results showed that TS 6% was the boundary between low-solids and high-solids anaerobic digestion, and the accumulative methane yield decreased exponentially when TS increased from 6% to 15%. The performance of anaerobic digestion was directly determined by the efficiency of mass transfer, and the relation between methane yield and sludge diffusive coefficients was well described by a power function. Thus, the increasing TS resulted in an exponential increase in sludge viscosity but an exponential decrease in diffusive coefficient. The blocked mass transfer led to the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and free ammonia. Acetic metabolism was the main process, whereas butyric and propionic metabolisms occurred at the initial stage of high-solids anaerobic digestion. The concentration of VFAs reached the maximum at the initial stage, which were still lower than the threshold influencing methanogens. The concentration of free ammonia increased gradually, and the methanogenesis was inhibited when free ammonia nitrogen exceeded 50 mg·L⁻¹. Consequently, the deterioration of high-solids anaerobic digestion was related to the blocked mass transfer and the resulting ammonia accumulation.     

纳氏试剂光度法测定水中氨氮方法的探讨

碘化汞和碘化钾的碱性溶液与氨反应能生成淡红色胶态化合物,该颜色在较宽的波长内具有强烈吸收。国家标准纳氏试剂光度法是常见的测定氨氮的方法,该法操作简便,灵敏度高,但预处理过程繁琐。通过对校准曲线的绘制条件进行改进,并对水样的预处理方法作了进一步的探讨,改进后的方法操作简便,对水样进行测定,与标准法相对照,结果基本一致。     

序批式膜反应器处理高氨氮渗滤液同步硝化反硝化特性

应用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)处理实际垃圾渗滤液,在DO浓度分别为0.45mg.l-1和1.19mg.l-1条件下,研究了系统的有机物,氨氮和总氮去除特性以及游离氨(FA),DO对系统同步硝化反硝化(SND)类型的影响.250d试验研究表明:SBRR系统能够稳定高效地同步去除渗滤液内高浓度有机物和高浓度氨氮.在初始COD浓度为122—2385 mg.l-1的情况下,出水COD浓度为23—929 mg.l-1,有机物最大去除速率25.6 kgCOD.m-2载体.d-1.在初始NH4+-N浓度为40—396.5 mg.l-1的情况下,出水NH4+-N浓度为0—41.2 mg.l-1,最大硝化速率2.87 kgN.m-2载体.d-1.SBBR系统内发生了明显的同步硝化反硝化(SND)现象,TN平均去除率分别为73.8%(DO=0.45 mg.l-1)和30%(DO=1.19 mg.l-1)左右.当FA浓度在1.5—11.6 mg.l-1范围内时,系统中共存硝酸型SND和亚硝酸性SND.当FA从18.6 mg.l-1增加到56 mg.l-1,系统中形成稳定的亚硝酸SND.因此,FA是影响系统SND类型的主要因素,DO可促进亚硝酸性SND向硝酸型SND转化.