合成氨装置重点部位的安全管理及防范措施

对安庆分公司化肥厂合成氨装置 4年以来的运行及安全管理情况作了综述 . 对装置的重点 监督部位加强技术型管理 , 并实行了一系列行之有效的安全防范措施 , 使之达到了国内同类 型装置先进水平 .     

Comparison of mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestions of thermal hydrolysis pretreated swine manure: Process performance, microbial communities and energy balance

Anaerobic digestion (AD) of swine manure (SM) commonly shows low biogas output and unsatisfactory economic performance. In this study, thermophilic AD (TAD, 50 ± 1 °C) was combined with thermal hydrolysis pretreatment (THP, 170 °C/10 bar), to investigate its potential for maximizing biogas yield, securing successful digestion and microbial diversity, as well as improving energy balance. Four lab-scale continuously stirred tank reactors were operated for 300 days and compared with each other, i.e., reactor 1 (raw SM fed in mesophilic AD: RSM-MAD), reactor 2 (THP-treated SM fed in MAD: TSM-MAD), reactor 3 (RSM-TAD), and reactor 4 (TSM-TAD). The results showed that THP was efficient to increase methane production of SM, TSM-TAD mode led to the highest methane yield (129.8 ± 40.5 mL-CH₄/g-VS/day) among the tests (p < 0.05). Although TAD was more likely to induce free ammonia (> 700 mg/L) or volatile fatty acids (> 6000 mg/L) accumulation compared with MAD in start-up phase, TSM-TAD treatment mode behaved a sustainable digestion process in a long-term operation. For TSM-TAD scenario, higher Shannon–Weaver (3.873) and lower Simpson index (0.061) indicated this mode ensured and enlarged the diversity of bacteria communities. Phylum Bathyarchaeota was dominant (59.3%−90.0%) in archaea community, followed by Euryarchaeota in the four reactors. RSM-MAD treatment mode achieved the highest energy output (4.65 GJ/day), TSM-TAD was less effective (−17.38 GJ/day) due to increased energy demands. Thus improving the energetic efficiency of THP units is recommended for the development of TSM-TAD treatment mode.     

物化—生化组合工艺在鱼油工业废水处理中的应用

针对鱼油工业废水排放特点及处理技术难点，结合实例，采用混凝、破乳进行物化预处理；采用A／O生化处理技术，提出合适的工艺流程。     

氨法脱硫在热电厂中应用

随着二氧化硫对环境的污染越来越严重，国家环保局对燃煤电厂二氧化硫排放进行严格控制，电厂加装脱硫装置是迟早的事。阐述了氨法脱硫的工艺流程和自动控制．同时结合工程调试中出现的问题进行分析，为今后的脱硫工程提供一些借鉴。     

Modelling nitrogen fluxes at the landscape scale

The distribution and impacts of different nitrogen pollutants are inextricably linked. To understand the problem fully, the interactions between the different pollutants need to be taken into account. This is particularly important when it comes to abatement techniques, since measures to reduce emissions of one nitrogen pollutant can often lead to an increase in another. This project represents a step towards greater understanding of these issues by linking together new and existing nitrogen flux models into a larger framework. The modelling framework has been constructed and some of the nitrogen flows between fields, farms and the atmosphere have been modelled for a UK study area for typical farm management scenarios.     

不同生境氨氮浓度及悬浮污泥对厌氧氨氧化生物膜特性的协同影响

生物膜技术是厌氧氨氧化工艺应用的关键,但关于不同生境氨氮浓度和悬浮污泥协同作用下形成的生物膜特性鲜有报道。本研究在推流式固定生物膜-活性污泥反应器中,发现在高氨氮浓度下生长的生物膜具有较高的污泥量和厚度,但低氨氮浓度生长的生物膜具有更高的厌氧氨氧化菌丰度((4.91±0.65)×10⁹ 拷贝数·g⁻¹,P<0.05)和厌氧氨氧化比活性(6.53 mg·(g·h)⁻¹)。高通量分析结果表明,Candidatus Brocadia是生物膜和悬浮污泥中主要的厌氧氨氧化菌,在两类生物膜上的丰度未有显著差异;在低氨氮浓度生物膜中Candidatus Jettenia的相对丰度显著高于高氨氮浓度的生物膜,但Candidatus Kuenenia的丰度则相反。综合分析发现,厌氧氨氧化菌种的附着生长与悬浮污泥群落多样性的初始定殖有关,而低丰度菌种的分布则受不同生境的影响,该结果表明不同氨氮浓度和悬浮污泥类型的选择对生物膜的协同影响不可忽略。     

光/电法氨氮降解过程中协同作用的研究

为了研究光/电法在氨氮降解过程中的协同作用,采用光/电法降解模拟工业循环冷却水中的氨氮,并对氨氮降解过程中的各影响因素进行了研究,考察了氯离子浓度和溶液pH对降解效率的影响。结果表明,与传统的光催化法和电化学法相比,光/电法在氨氮降解过程中存在良好的协同效应,因而具有更高的氨氮去除率,这主要归功于溶液氯离子的促进作用。另外,在酸性条件下,氨氮降解效率得到进一步加强。当pH在4~5之间,电流密度为10 mA/cm2,NaCl浓度为100 mg/L时,在经过90 min光/电法处理后氨氮去除率高达95%,且N2占总氨氮降解产物的84.2%。     

以游泳馆污水为处理对象的SBR中不同污泥负荷下氨氧化菌群落的演变

为了研究污泥负荷对SBR系统内活性污泥微生物中氨氧化菌群落结构的影响,应用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术,对不同污泥负荷条件下SBR处理经投加葡萄糖调节的游泳馆污水的活性污泥中氨氧化菌进行了分析。研究结果表明,氨氧化菌的群落结构在不同污泥负荷条件下变化明显,在有机碳源较低的情况下生长旺盛,随着污泥负荷的提高其DGGE图谱条带数量逐渐减少,亮度逐渐减弱;在高污泥负荷环境下,氨氧化菌受到严重抑制,多样性指数大幅下降,并从系统中消失。SBR系统内氨氧化菌大部分为不可培养的变形菌,最常见的氨氧化菌是β变形菌中的亚硝化螺菌和亚硝化单细胞菌。     

氨氮浓度对猪粪厌氧消化及产甲烷菌群结构的影响

氨氮抑制是影响高含固厌氧消化推广应用的主要因素之一。通过批式实验,采用外源氨氮投加方式,考察了厌氧消化过程中不同氨氮浓度对鲜猪粪产甲烷效果和产甲烷菌群结构的影响。结果表明：氨氮添加量为2 000 mg·L-1（TAN≈3 596.7 mg·L-1）时,日产甲烷速率及累积产甲烷量均明显下降;添加量大于4 000 mg·L-1（TAN≈5 618.7 mg·L-1）时,氨氮抑制加剧,出现VFAs累积、产甲烷高峰期后移、丙酸降解失败。不同氨氮投加量下猪粪中挥发性固体（VS）产甲烷率分别为（369.0 ± 17.3）、（318.5 ± 7.6）、（234.7 ± 2.5）、（165.4 ± 19.4）mL·g-1,产甲烷效率较对照组分别下降14%、36%和55%。超过4 000 mg·L-1的外源氨氮投加促使产甲烷菌群结构发生显著变化,乙酸利用型产甲烷优势菌Methanosaeta 逐渐被Methanosarcina代替,而氢利用型产甲烷菌属中Methanospirillum的优势性逐渐被Methanoculleus和Methanomassiliicoccus取代,说明后者均有较强的氨氮耐受性。主成分分析和冗余分析表明,高浓度氨氮会促使产甲烷途径由乙酸利用型为主向氢利用型为主转变。     

污泥厌氧消化的热预处理研究进展

热预处理能够提高后续厌氧消化效率,改善污泥脱水性能。对国内外污泥热预处理的研究进行了归纳,包括热与碱、超声波和氧化法的联合预处理,重点介绍了热预处理对污泥溶解作用、厌氧消化、脱水性和流变性的影响,分析了热处理与厌氧消化整体的能量平衡。最后提出了热预处理研究中存在的问题,并展望了今后的发展趋势。