EFFECTS OF FOREST FERTILIZATION ON STREAM WATER CHEMISTRY IN THE APPALACHIANS1

ABSTRACT: Stream water chemistry was monitored on two watersheds on the Fernow Experimental Forest in north-central West Virginia to determine the effects of forest fertilization on annual nutrient exports. Ammonium nitrate and triple superphosphate were applied simultaneously at rates of 336 kg ha^?1 N and 224 kg ha^?1 P₂O₅, respectively, which are similar to rates used in commercial forest operations. The treatment significantly increased outputs of several ions. Annual outputs of nitrate N increased as much as 18 times over pretreatment levels, and calcium and magnesium increased as much as three times over pretreatment levels the first year after fertilization. Outputs for these nutrients were elevated for all three post-treatment years. Although nitrate N increased significantly, only about 20 percent of the applied fertilizer was accounted for in stream water exports. Outputs of phosphate P declined following fertilization, probably because the watersheds are phosphorus deficient, but by the third year, they slightly exceeded predicted values. Estimated nutrient losses to deep seepage were substantial, especially on the leakier south-facing catchmeat, on which some nutrient losses were equal to or greater than those in stream water. When the nutrient exports associated with both stream discharge and ground water recharge were combined, the percentages of applied N that were lost were similar on the two watersheds, averaging 27.5 percent. Less than 1 percent of the applied P was lost from either watershed in the combination of streamflow and deep seepage.     

Nitrogen Budget of a Spruce Forest Ecosystem After Six-year Addition of Ammonium Sulphate in Southwest Sweden

A nitrogen (N) budget was constructed for a period of 6 years (1988–1993) in a Norway spruce stand with current deposition of 19 kg N and 22 kg S ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The stand was fertilized annually by addition of 100 kg N and 114 kg S ha⁻¹ (NS). Above and below ground biomass, litterfall, fine- root litter production, soil solution and net mineralization were measured to estimate pools, fluxes and accumulation of nitrogen. The average needle litterfall in control (C) and NS plots in 1993 was 2.2 and 2.5 ton ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. The fine root litter production prior to treatment (1987) was 4.4 ton ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and after treatment (1993) it was 4.5 and 3.9 ton ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in C and NS plots, respectively. Net N mineralization in the soil profile down to 50 cm was estimated to be 86 and 115 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in C and NS plots, respectively in 1992. During the treatment period the uptake of N in the needle biomass in C and NS plots was 29 and 77 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. No N was accumulated in needles of C plot where the NS plots accumulated 34 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Of the annually added inorganic N to NS plots 47% was accumulated in the above and below ground biomass and 37% in the soil. N fluxes via fine-root litter production in the C plots were much higher (54 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) than that via litterfall (29 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). The corresponding values in the NS plots were 65 and 43 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. Most of the net N mineralization occurred in the FH layer and upper mineral soil. It is concluded that fine root litter and litterfall play an important role in the cycling of N. Despite a high N uptake the losses of N in litterfall and fine root litter resulted in an incorporation of N in soil organic matter.     

Adsorption behavior of ammonium by a bioadsorbent - Boston ivy leaf powder

The adsorption behaviors of ammonium ions from aqueous solution by a novel bioadsorbent,the Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata) leaf powder (BPTL) were investigated.The SEM images and FT-IR spectra were used to characterize BPTL.The mathematical models were used to analyze the adsorption kinetics and isotherms.The optimum pH range for ammonium adsorption by BPTL was found to be 5-10.The adsorption reached equilibrium at 14 hr,and the kinetic data were well fitted by the Logistic model.The intraparticle diffusion was the main rate-controlling step of the adsorption process.The high temperature was favorableto the ammonium adsorption by BPTL,indicating that the adsorption was endothermic.The adsorption equilibrium fitted well to both the Langrnuir model and Freundlich model,and the maximum monolayer adsorption capacities calculated from Langmuir model were 3.37,5.28 and 6.59 mg N/g at 15,25 and 35℃,respectively,which were comparable to those by reported minerals.Both the separation factor (RL) from the Langmuir model and Freundlich exponent (n) suggested that the ammonium adsorption by BPTL was favorable.Therefore,the Boston ivy leaf powder could be considered a novel bioadsorbent for ammonium removal from aqueous solution.     

自动电位滴定法测定烟气氨法脱硫模拟浆液中氯离子的研究

氯离子含量是氨法脱硫工艺中的一个重要监控指标,用自动电位滴定法测定氨法脱硫浆液中的氯离子。结果表明,实验加入乙醇有利于增大电位突跃幅度;pH值为3~5时实验结果准确;加标回收率为90%~110%;与莫尔法相比,测定结果准确度、精密度更高,且不受灰分颜色干扰;与离子色谱法测定结果准确度、精密度相近,但测定高浓度氯离子电位滴定法更有优势。     

有效磷含量对硝酸铵溶液热安全性的影响

为了了解硝酸磷肥生产过程中,硝酸铵溶液中加入磷酸一铵的安全性,通过自制实验装置,研究了有效磷含量对质量分数为85%的硝酸铵溶液热分解的影响。结果表明,质量分数为85%的硝酸铵和磷酸一铵混合溶液的临界爆炸温度高于纯质量分数为85%的硝酸铵溶液,稳定性更好;磷酸一铵抑制硝酸铵的热分解,随着有效磷含量的增加,硝酸铵混合溶液临界爆炸温度升高;升温速率对硝酸铵混合溶液的临界爆炸温度影响很大,随着升温速率由2℃/min升高到3℃/min,质量分数为85%的硝酸铵混合溶液的临界爆炸温度升高,不易发生爆炸,安全性更好。研究结果对硝酸磷肥的生产安全有一定的指导意义。     

硅铝比对分子筛吸附氨氮性能的影响

基于X射线荧光光谱法确定的4种ZSM5分子筛硅铝比,分析了不同硅铝比分子筛吸附氨氮性能的差异,结合扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析结果,从分子筛的骨架组成、表面形貌和晶体结构角度,考察了硅铝比对分子筛吸附氨氮性能的影响机制;并探讨了分子筛骨架脱硅对其吸附性能的改善作用,为分子筛应用于污水厂尾水深度脱氮提供技术参考.结果表明,不同硅铝比分子筛的表面形貌、晶体结构与吸附氨氮性能具有显著差异：随着分子筛硅铝比增加,其结晶度下降、晶粒形态逐渐模糊、吸附容量降低;当实际硅铝比由35增大至237时,氨氮平衡吸附量由5.65mg/g降至0.41mg/g,由Langmuir吸附等温式确定的饱和吸附量由6.5963mg/g下降至0.4430mg/g.分子筛吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,吸附速率受离子交换化学吸附作用机理控制,随着硅铝比升高分子筛的离子交换容量下降,其吸附速率降低.分子筛骨架脱硅能够显著改善其氨氮吸附性能,硅铝比为35的分子筛经碱蚀脱硅处理后,其氨氮平衡吸附量提高81.6%,该方法为改善分子筛吸附性能提供了一种有效的技术途径.     

壳聚糖-海藻酸钠固定化菌小球处理猪场沼液

采用包埋法,以海藻酸钠-壳聚糖为载体、自行筛选的高效脱氨氮菌为目标菌制备固定化菌小球,用于去除猪场沼液中的氨氮.优化了固定化小球的制备条件,考察了废水处理条件对氨氮去除效果的影响.结果表明,固定化菌小球的最佳制备条件为：壳聚糖投加量20g/L、海藻酸钠投加量10g/L、目标菌种包埋量2：5（V/V）.处理含氨氮废水时,在不调节废水pH值的条件下,当固定化菌小球投加量为15g/L、反应时间为4h时,氨氮的去除率为93.9%,其中吸附作用对氨氮的去除率为64.3%,微生物作用对氨氮的去除率为29.6%.扫描电镜表征结果表明,处理废水后,固定化菌小球外部及内部微生物数量明显增多.动力学与等温线拟合结果显示,固定化菌小球对废水中氨氮的去除过程符合准二级反应动力学方程（R²=0.9252）和Langmuir等温线方程（R²=0.9578）.     

微藻无机氮利用过程中的稳定氮同位素分馏

选用两种δ15N差异显著的铵态氮和硝态氮,分别设置不同浓度的铵态氮和硝态氮来处理莱茵衣藻和蛋白核小球藻,通过分析微藻的稳定氮同位素组成变化,来研究微藻利用不同浓度、不同形态无机氮过程中的稳定氮同位素分馏特征。结果显示,在未添加无机氮的条件下,微藻利用有机氮时,生长缓慢,稳定氮同位素基本上不存在分馏;在添加低浓度无机氮(≤20 mmol/L)时,微藻的生长和稳定氮同位素分馏都随着无机氮浓度的增加而增加;而添加高浓度无机氮(20 mmol/L)时,微藻的生长趋于稳定,铵态氮条件下的微藻稳定氮同位素分馏继续加大,而硝态氮条件下的微藻稳定氮同位素分馏反而减小,可能与此时微藻硝酸还原酶的活力减小有关。     

有机改性粘土去除赤潮生物的机制研究

研究了季铵化合物改性粘土的制备条件对其去除赤潮藻效果的影响,探讨了该粘土体系高效除藻的机制.实验表明,十六烷基三甲基铵(HDTMA)可以有效地提高粘土的絮凝能力,同时HDTMA改性粘土中含有亚稳态HDTMA,增加了该改性粘土对赤潮生物的灭杀能力.改性粘土去除赤潮藻的能力与所吸附季铵化合物的杀藻能力、吸附量正相关,当老化时间延长、吸附季铵化合物稳定性增强时改性粘土除藻能力大大降低.结构不同的粘土对于吸附HDTMA的稳定化产生的空间阻力不同,在吸附量相同的情况下3层结构的蒙脱土中会有更多的亚稳态HDTMA产生;由于同离子效应,反应介质中高价金属阳离子的存在提高了亚稳态HDTMA的量,因此相应的改性粘土具有更高的赤潮藻去除能力.在60℃条件下吸附的HDTMA会更有效地占据粘土中的阳离子交换位,达到稳定态;而升高或降低温度都会有利于亚稳态HDTMA的出现,相应的改性粘土具有更高的赤潮藻去除能力.     

碳源对微生物硝酸盐异化还原成铵过程的影响

微生物通过异化性硝酸盐还原成铵(DNRA)途径,硝态氮转化为仍可生物再利用的铵盐。以琥珀酸钠、柠檬酸钠、酒石酸钾钠为碳源,研究碳源的差异对有氧条件下微生物通过DNRA途径产铵的影响。结果显示,以琥珀酸钠和柠檬酸钠为碳源,初始浓度为20 mmol/L是较佳的实验条件,此时C/N约为1.5～2.0,NH4+-N质量浓度30.0～45.0 mg/L,最高产铵率分别为29.9%和27.0%;以酒石酸钾钠为碳源则在初始浓度为30 mmol/L,C/N约为2.0,NH4+-N质量浓度为40.0～45.0 mg/L时,最高产铵率为30.7%。反硝化和DNRA过程是同时存在的,培养液中NO3--N浓度的下降伴随着中间产物NO2--N的积累和NH4+-N浓度的升高。