内循环厌氧反应器流动模型及反应过程模拟

为揭示内循环厌氧反应器放大过程中所出现的规律,本文对反应器中流动模型和反应过程进行了模拟研究,通过对主反应区的停留时间分布的实验研究,确定了主反应区流型可用一平推流与两个并联的全混流进行串联的三参数组合模型进行模拟.在实验范围内,平推流区所占的体积分数约为36%,两个全混流区所占的体积分数分别为53%和11%.结合厌氧反应动力学方程,应用组合模型模拟了实际反应器的状态,并和实验值进行了对比,发现反应器出口处CH_4体积流量最大误差为9.67%,在可允许的范围内.同时,模拟了基质初始COD和温度变化对反应器出口状态的影响.研究表明,与其它模型相比,组合模型计算简洁,同时又有较好的精度,能够满足反应器的设计需要.     

我国厨余垃圾资源化技术的多维绩效评价

随着我国大力推动生活垃圾分类管理工作,厨余垃圾的资源化利用受到越来越多关注.厨余垃圾资源化技术已有包括厌氧消化处理、好氧生物处理和昆虫饲料转化等类型,但在已有应用案例中存在资源化程度低、环境影响显著和经济效益差等诸多问题,缺乏技术绩效的系统化分析和综合性评价.为此,研究面向厨余垃圾资源化技术应用的全生命周期过程,构建了资源效率、环境影响、经济可行和社会效应的多维绩效评价指标体系(包括21项指标),以我国的14项典型技术应用项目为案例开展定量化综合评价研究.结果表明,厌氧消化和昆虫饲料转化处理技术的得分分别为58.39分和59.65分,高于好氧生物处理(49.16分);按细分技术类型,集中式黑水虻转化和中温湿式厌氧工艺得分较高,分别为67.14分和60.82分.按技术的处理规模和设施分布方式,集中式处理技术在资源效率和经济效益维度上分别比分散式技术高出13%和62%;分散式处理技术在环境影响和社会效应维度上比集中式高出8%和34%.在厨余垃圾资源化实践中,应结合当地的厨余垃圾理化性质、生活垃圾分类收集工作推进情况、财政承担能力和收运距离等多因素综合考量,因地制宜的选择适宜技术路线.     

考虑驾驶员反应时间的车辆碰撞预警模型

为了保证车辆在行驶过程中的安全性,提出了一种考虑驾驶员反应时间的车辆碰撞预警模型,改进了传统模型中驾驶员反应时间定值化的缺点。首先,依据车辆的制动过程分析了驾驶员反应时间对制动距离的影响。其次,设计驾驶员反应时间的模糊推理算法,选取驾龄、疲劳强度和应变能力3个主要因素作为评价指标来计算反应时间。最后,采用分等级的预警策略建立考虑驾驶员反应时间的碰撞预警模型,并通过Carsim-Matlab/Simulink联合仿真与传统模型进行对比分析。结果表明,设计的预警模型可以对不同类型的驾驶员进行差异化碰撞预警,在30 km/h和80 km/h两种车速下实际停车距离与理论值的最大误差为8%。     

Modeling thermal analysis for predicting thermal hazards relevant to transportation safety and runaway reaction for 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile)

The pure decomposition behavior of 2,2′-azobis (isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) and its physical phase transformation were examined and discussed. The thermal decomposition of this self-reactive azo compound was explored using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to elucidate the stages in the progress of this chemical reaction. DSC was used to predict the kinetic and process safety parameters, such as self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT), time to maximum reaction rate under adiabatic conditions (TMR_ad), and apparent activation energy (E_a), under isothermal and adiabatic conditions with thermal analysis models. Moreover, vent sizing package 2 (VSP2) was applied to examine the runaway reaction combined with simulation and experiments for thermal hazard assessment of AIBN. A thorough understanding of this reaction process can identify AIBN as a hazardous and vulnerable chemical during upset situations. The sublimation and melting of AIBN near its apparent onset decomposition temperature contributed to the initial steps of the reaction and explained the exothermic attributes of the peaks observed in the calorimetric investigation.     

The influence of ClO− and acidity in the reaction between H2O2 and CuCl2

The potentially explosive reaction of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and copper chloride (CuCl₂) was investigated. Pressure tests revealed that the reaction was strongly temperature - dependent and can easily undergo runaway reaction. Nevertheless, there was only a slight pressure increase at the low temperatures studied or when using low concentrations of CuCl₂. Under the conditions generating the slight pressure increase, hypochlorite anions (ClO⁻) are generated and the acidity increases. As the reaction reaches completion, ClO⁻ disappears, and the acidity decreases. Interestingly, the addition of phosphate buffer to maintain the weakly acid conditions led to a runaway reaction, and the use of basic ClO⁻ promoted the exothermic reaction. Based on the results, acidity has a strong impact on the reaction behaviour.     

Evaluation of thermal reaction for two azo compounds by using 20-L apparatus and calorimetry

Azo compounds are widely involved in the industrial processes of dyes, pigments, initiators, and blowing agents. Unfortunately, these compounds have a bivalent unstable –NN– composition, which can be readily broken when the ambient temperature is elevated. Self-accelerating decomposition might cause a runaway reaction and lead to a fire, explosion, or leakage when the cooling system fails or other events occur. This study investigated the explosion properties, thermal stability parameters, and thermal hazard and mechanism of 2,2′–azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and 2,2′–azobis–2–methylbutyronitrile (AMBN). We used a 20-L apparatus, vent sizing package 2, synchronous thermal analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry under explosive, adiabatic, and dynamic conditions to acquire the explosive curves, thermal curves, and thermodynamic parameters of the substances. Moreover, the differential isoconversional method (Friedman method) and ASTM E698 equation were employed to obtain the apparent activation energy E_a. All the experimental results revealed that AIBN is more dangerous than AMBN. The E_a of AIBN was lower than that of AMBN. The results can be used to construct an azo compound thermal hazard database for use for searches and reference examples by industry and related research areas.     

异养协同硫自养ABR系统还原高浓度高氯酸盐

构建新型异养硫自养ABR反应器,以处理含高浓度高氯酸盐（ClO₄^-）废水,并探讨该工艺对不同浓度ClO₄^-的还原性能及硫酸盐（SO₄^2-）的产生规律,同时解析ABR系统内生物量及胞外聚合物（EPS）的变化特性.结果表明：在HRT=12h,进水ClO₄^-浓度为300mg/L时,去除率可达99.60%,出水SO₄^2-浓度稳定在150mg/L内.进水pH值为7.8~8.0,随着还原ClO₄^-浓度的升高,异养段出水pH值逐渐升高至8.0~8.3,自养段pH值则逐渐降低至6.6~6.9,异养协同硫自养ABR系统可实现酸碱的平衡.此外,提高进水ClO₄^-浓度可促进EPS的分泌,且异养段第一格室微生物分泌的EPS最多,其含量可达到102.46mg/（g·vss）.EPS的分泌可以形成保护层以抵制外界的压力,同时也起到储备碳源和能源的作用.     

光合细菌与酵母跨界融合(杂合)子发酵味精废水研究

光合细菌球形红假单胞菌（Ｒｈｏｄｏｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ｓｐｈａｅｒｏｉｄｅｓ）酿酒酵母（Ｓａｃｃｈａｒｏｍｙｃｅｓ ｃｅｒｅｖｉｓｉａｅ）细胞分别经溶菌酶和蜗牛酶脱壁形成原生质体，在聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ）和Ｃａ＾２＋诱导下实现了真核与原核细胞的超远缘杂交，经抗菌素培养基初步鉴定，融合产物能同时在含有链霉素和制霉菌素的培养基中生长，而双亲细胞只能在含有单一抗菌素的培养基中生长，经初筛与得获得高絮弟性     

交叉上市公司社会责任缺陷披露的市场反应——基于紫金矿业突发渗漏环保事故的案例研究

伴随着工业化进程加快,社会责任缺失现象日益严重,各类企业违法违规事故层出不穷,其中不乏国有大型控股公司,这种现象引起了投资者、监管机构等利益相关者的广泛关注。在此背景下,研究资本市场对上市公司社会责任缺陷披露的反应具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。本文以交叉上市的紫金矿业为例,采用事项研究法,检验了A股和H股市场对紫金矿业集团股份有限公司发布的一系列有关紫金山铜矿湿法厂污水池突发渗漏环保事故重要公告的市场反应,并比较了两地市场对同一公告的反应差异。研究发现:两地市场对重大事故公告均提前预知并呈负面反应,在公告前A股市场反应程度大于H股市场,公告发布后H股市场投资者更加敏感;两地市场对董事会(临时)决议公告呈正面反应,但H股市场投资者更加谨慎;对处罚公告两市反应不同,A股市场未对处罚公告作出反应,H股市场对处罚公告呈负面反应;总体而言,H股市场与A股市场反应程度存在显著差异。