A thermal hazard risk evaluation of emulsion polymerisation and vinyl acetate monomers in the latex manufacturing process

Latex is extensively used in industrial products. However, completing some processes at scale leads to unacceptable levels of risk that need to be quantified and mitigated. Systemic risks must be eliminated wherever possible, and safety takes priority over efficiency and quality. To assess the process risks accurately, four raw materials were examined in this study: polyvinyl acetate (PVA), latex process-initiator-ammonium persulfate (APS) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and vinyl acetate monomer (VAM). The physicochemical composition of the PVA latex process was determined via calorimeters, including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and vent sizing package 2 (VSP2). The calorimetry results showed that the protective colloid was a critical component in the polymerisation reaction. In addition, when adding initiators to the system, it is vital to observe the normal ratio of materials and keep the stirring system operating. The scenario system also simulated the effects of shutting down various inhibitory programs, including the build-up of free radicals that could result in a runaway reaction when the initiator was added in excess. On the other hand, the result of the risk matrix displayed as a medium level, indicating that although the probability of an accident is low, the resulting severity is at disaster level. As a result, this study provides process safety engineers with a reliable frame of reference for assessing the potential dangers in the PVA latex manufacturing process.     

A bayesian network-based safety assessment method for solid propellant granule-casting molding process

The safety of the solid propellant molding process is vital for the stable production of high-quality propellants. Failure events caused by abnormal parameters in the molding process may have catastrophic consequences. In this paper, a Bayesian network (BN) model is proposed to assess the safety of the solid propellant granule-casting molding process. Fault tree analysis (FTA) is developed to construct a causal link between process variables and process failures. Subsequently, expert experience and fuzzy set theory (FST) are used to obtain failure probabilities of the basic events (BEs). Based on the mapping rules, FTA provides BN with reliable prior knowledge and a network structure with interpretability. Finally, when new evidence is obtained, the probability is updated with the diagnostic reasoning capability of BN. The results of the sensitivity analysis and diagnostic inference were combined to identify key parameters in the granule-casting molding process, including curing temperature, vacuum degree, extrusion, calendering roll distance, length setting value, holding time, and polish time. The results of this paper can provide effective supporting information for managers to conduct process safety analysis.     

Effect of particle size on CO adsorption and thermodynamic analysis

The liquid nitrogen adsorption method was used to characterize the pore structure of non-cohesive coal in the 061,404 working face of the Lingxin coal mine. The amount of specific surface area of micropores in the sample continuously rose as particle sizes reduced. The volumetric method was used to measure the CO isothermal adsorption curves of three samples (sample I, 0.425–0.25 mm, sample II, 0.18–0.25 mm, and sample III, 0.15–0.18 mm). The experimental results were fitted by the Langmuir model. According to the experimental results, it was conducive to CO adsorption with the conditions of high pressure and low-temperature. The decrease in grain diameter increased the number and volume of micropores in the sample, which improved the adsorption capacity of the sample. In addition, according to the adsorption data, the CO adsorption thermodynamics of three samples were analyzed, including surface potential (Ω), Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) and entropy change (ΔS). The results demonstrated that CO adsorption by coal was a spontaneous process. Sample III has the most substantial adsorption capacity, whereas the sample I has the weakest adsorption capacity.     

O3-BAC深度处理工艺中细菌群落时空分布及动态变化规律

为弄清饮用水O₃-BAC深度处理工艺过程中细菌群落的时空分布和动态变化规律,本研究以我国南方某O₃-BAC深度处理工艺水厂为研究对象,采用NovaSeq6000高通量测序技术对夏季和冬季各工艺单元出水及滤砂和活性炭生物膜等细菌群落进行解析.结果表明,出厂水pH、浊度、COD_Mn、菌落总数等指标均满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)的要求.夏季细菌群落多样性明显高于冬季,活性炭生物膜的细菌群落多样性高于滤砂生物膜;混凝沉淀、臭氧化和消毒是影响细菌群落多样性的主要工艺单元.水样和生物膜样品绝对优势菌门均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),且主要菌门组成大体相同,但细菌群落门水平相对丰度存在一定的时空差异,属水平上差异则更为明显.此外,检测到的条件致病菌属主要包括芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和分支杆菌属(Mycobacterium),且其所占核心微生物OTUs数目不受季节性影响.水温和生物可降解溶解性有机碳(BDOC)是显...     

盐雾试验方墨探讨

分析了不同盐雾试验方法标准对盐溶液配制、试样的处理和检测、试验参数、试验过程控制等方面的不同要求,探讨了盐雾试验的操作技术,提出了必须严格控制盐雾试验过程的建议和不能用不同标准进行的盐雾试验结果进行比较的观点.     

Fenton氧化-序批式膜生物反应器耦合处理干法腈纶废水

采用Fenton氧化-序批式膜生物反应器(SBMBR)组合工艺处理干法腈纶废水。结果表明,在废水初始pH值为3.0,H2O2投加量为90.0 mmol/L,Fe2+投加量为20.0 mmol/L,反应时间为2.0 h的条件下,Fenton氧化预处理对腈纶生产废水的COD去除率达到47.0%以上,COD由1 091 mg/L降至560 mg/L,废水的BOD5/COD由0.32升至0.69,废水的可生化性得到显著提高。Fenton处理出水与丙烯腈废水等比例混合后,采用SBMBR进行生化处理,在水力停留时间为24 h,90 min缺氧/150 min好氧交替运行的条件下,COD、NH4+-N和TN的平均去除率分别为71.7%、97.2%和47.4%,碳源不足是限制TN去除效果的主要影响因素。在无外加碳源的条件下,组合工艺处理后出水COD和NH4+-N浓度分别为117 mg/L和1.7 mg/L,出水水质可以稳定达到国家一级排放标准(GB8978-1996)。     

城市地区重建湿地的生态过程研究

研究了湿地重建过程中植物、土壤和水质的动态变化特征.湿地重建2 a后植物种类增加了11种,芦苇、菖蒲和香蒲3种植物的高度、生物量在第2个生长季明显高于第1个生长季节,植物生物量分别增加到原来的13、1.5和1.4倍.湿地种植区土壤有机质总体上是降低的,土壤全氮含量从1?500　mg/kg降低到850　mg/kg（p＜0.01）,土壤全磷在试验期间略有增加.对重建湿地12种水质指标分析表明,夏季湿地出口源水溶解氧高于进口源水,出口源水总氮、叶绿素a、藻类计数3种水质指标均低于进口源水,说明重建湿地水质在夏季出口源水优于进口源水,水质得到改善.研究表明,湿地植物群落重建成功,生物多样性增加,重建湿地在改善和保持源水水质方面发挥了一定的作用.     

再生铜冶炼过程中重金属排放特征和控制

再生铜冶炼是重要的重金属排放源,为掌握再生铜冶炼过程中重金属的排放特征和控制效果,通过固定源等速采样装置采集不同冶炼阶段的烟气样品,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定烟气和飞灰中重金属的浓度,并估算重金属的排放因子.结果表明,在冷却阶段烟气中重金属和颗粒物的浓度较高,经过布袋除尘器和吸附塔等污染控制装置后,重金属和颗粒物被协同脱除,脱除效率达80%～99%.排放烟气中重金属的浓度在阳极炉不同工艺段中的排序为：加料熔融段>氧化段≈还原段,且As、 Pb、 Cr、 Sn、 Sb和Cd的平均排放因子分别为2.6×10³、2.4×10³、2.7×10³、5.6×10²、34.1和9.8 mg·t^-1,烟气中重金属和颗粒物的浓度均满足行业排放标准.飞灰中Cu和Zn的浓度较高,具有回收利用价值.     

Comparative evaluation of processes for heavy metal removal from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

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容积负荷对ABR-MBR工艺反硝化除磷性能的影响

采用连续流ABR-MBR组合工艺处理生活污水,研究不同容积负荷(volume loading rate,VLR)对该工艺反硝化除磷性能的影响,获得最佳工艺参数.试验考察ABR进水容积负荷(以COD计,下同)分别为0.76、1.01、1.51和2.27 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)时系统去碳脱氮除磷的性能,并在各ABR容积负荷条件下考察MBR容积负荷对MBR反应器硝化性能的影响.结果表明,在ABR进水容积负荷为1.51 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)的条件下,系统A2隔室COD去除量最大,并在MBR容积负荷为0.462 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)时,MBR反应器中实现了短程硝化,系统NH_4~+-N和TN去除率分别达到90%和72%以上,厌氧释磷量为7.41 mg·L~(-1),缺氧吸磷量达到15.42 mg·L~(-1),出水PO_4~(3-)-P浓度低于0.5 mg·L~(-1),这表明短程硝化更有利于强化ABR-MBR系统的反硝化除磷性能.