渤海湾浮游植物与环境因子关系的多元分析

2007年春季和夏季对渤海湾的浮游植物和环境因子进行调查,运用多元分析技术分析浮游植物在渤海湾的分布特征及其与环境因子之间的关系.调查期间共发现浮游植物26种,其中春季17种,夏季23种.春季浮游植物平均数量为115×104cells.m-3,显著高于夏季(3.1×104cells.m-3).应用主成分分析(PCA)浮游植物分布特征,结果表明,春季浮游植物主要分布于渤海的中北部,是硝酸盐含量较高的水域;夏季浮游植物分布于各个水域,但优势种主要分布于河口附近.运用冗余分析(RDA)探讨浮游植物分布与环境因子之间的关系,结果表明,影响渤海湾浮游植物分布的关键环境因子,春季是硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和溶解性活性磷酸盐,夏季是氨氮和水温.     

近代分析化学进展

随着科技的进步，分析化学正经历着重大的变革。作者从我国分析化学的现状及分析化学的几个重要分支和交叉学科；生命科学分析，化学计量学，光度分析，色谱分析，电化学分析等方面阐述了近代分析化学的进展。     

城市面源污染问题:我国城市化进程的新挑战——代“城市面源污染研究”专栏序言

城市面源污染是造成水环境恶化的重要原因之一.以国家"863"项目的<汉阳地区城市面源污染控制技术与工程示范>课题为背景,介绍了城市面源污染的特点,所造成的环境问题,课题研究中控制城市面源污染的思路、技术和3个示范工程,以及研究取得的主要成果.     

Numerical integration of chemical ODE problems arising in air pollution models

The numerical treatment of a regional air pollution model (such models are, as a rule, described mathematically by systems of partial differential equations) leads to the solution of very large computational problems. The chemical submodel of an air pollution model is normally the most timeconsuming part of the computational work. The application of appropriate discretization and splitting procedures reduces the chemical submodel to a large number of relatively small ODE systems (one such system per gridpoint). In the process of searching for efficient numerical algorithms for the chemical submodels one can carry out experiments by using only one such ODE system in order to facilitate the work. This approach has been used in connection with a particular chemical scheme, the condensed CBM IV scheme, which is used in several large air pollution models. Six integration algorithms have been tested on a set of typical scenarios (consisting of different starting concentrations and/or of different values of the emissions). The advantages and the disadvantages of the algorithms tested are discussed. The final decision about the most efficient algorithm, among the algorithms tested, should be made after a second series of experiments. The coupling of the chemical process with the transport of air pollution (on, at least, a twodimensional domain) together with the application of highspeed computers has to be studied in the second series of experiments, which will be performed in a subsequent paper.     

流动注射-Luminol-CN~--Cu(Ⅱ)化学发光分析的研究及应用

本文针对化学发光分析存在的问题,将FIA-CL分析方法应用于Luminol-CN~--CU(Ⅱ)发光体系,使之成为一种快速、灵敏、精密度好的分析方法,并用于天然水中Cu(Ⅱ)的测定,获得满意的结果。     

Improved management practice and process hazard analysis techniques for minimizing likelihood of process safety incidents in Taiwan

In Taiwan, process safety accidents often occur despite the prior implementation of process hazard analysis (PHA). One of the main reasons for this is the poor quality of the PHA process; with the main hazards not being properly identified, or properly controlled. Accordingly, based on the findings of 86 process safety management (PSM) audits, dozens of post-accident site resumption review meetings, and hundreds of PSM review sessions, this study examines the main deficiencies of management practice and PHA implementation in Taiwan, and presents several recommendations for improved PHA assessment techniques and procedures. The study additionally examines the feasibility for using PSM-related information, such as process safety information and process incident information, as a tool for further enhancing the PHA quality. Overall, the study suggests that, in addition to following the basic rules of PHA and requirements of OSHA (1992),management in Taiwan should also provide training in the enhanced assessment techniques proposed herein and take active steps to incorporate PSM information into the PHA framework in order to improve the general quality of PHA and reduce the likelihood of process safety accidents accordingly.     

磷化工企业清洁生产评价指标体系的构建

根据对磷化工企业的全面调查,结合清沽生产评价指标体系编制规定,运用层次分析法建立了由定量和定性两部分评价指标构成的磷化工企业递阶层次结构清洁生产评价指标体系,并确定了评价指标体系准则层、指标层各定量指标权重值和定性评价指标分值.应用已建立的评价指标体系,对某磷化工企业进行了实例评价,结果表明该评价指标体系能较好地反应磷化工企业的清洁生产水平.     

铁炭耦合Fenton试剂-混凝沉淀法预处理DMAC废水

N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)危害大,是化纤废水中的主要污染物之一. 采用铁炭微电解-Fenton试剂-混凝沉淀工艺预处理DMAC废水. 结果表明:在海绵铁投加量为30 g/L,铁炭体积比为1,pH为2,微电解反应1 h,H₂O₂投加量为5 mL/L,pH为3,Fenton试剂反应2.0 h,混凝沉淀pH为9.0,沉淀40 min的最佳工艺条件下,COD_Cr的去除率可稳定在70%以上;紫外可见分光光计测定证明,经微电解反应后DMAC的助色基团—CH₃和CO被破坏,经过Fenton 氧化后,—NH—基团才能被破坏,废水中的大分子物质被破坏,最终转变成小分子物质,为后续处理奠定了基础.      

基于WBA方法的冲出跑道事故风险管理研究

为改善当前冲出跑道事故在风险辨识环节上存在的不足,提出运用寻因分析(WBA)法,对冲出跑道事故存在的风险进行更加严格、准确的辨识。首先简要介绍WBA方法的内容,然后运用WBA方法对具体事故进行危险源辨识,最后根据辨识出的危险源构建WBA结构图并进行分析。分析结果显示:实例事故的危险源共有14项,分别属于人、机、环,管4个方面。在此基础上,利用模糊层次分析法(FAHP)对辨识出的危险源进行权重排序,得出机组人员处置失误、飞行机组技术欠缺、天气原因、跑道表面积水、机组训练问题等5个最主要因素,并针对这5个因素提出改进对策。     

臭氧接触反应器气液两相流数字图像处理方法与实验分析

在单相数字粒子图像测速度(PIV)技术的基础上,研究气液两相流动的PIV图像处理方法,采用数字掩模技术对不同相的流动信息进行标记、识别、提取与计算,编辑了相应的软件.运用改进后的PIV方法对臭氧接触反应器中气-液体两相流动进行了测试与分析.结果表明,臭氧接触反应器中液相轴向流速分布是决定反应器内水力特性的主导因素;进气流量直接影响反应器内液气两相的流速分布;随进气流量的提高,液气两相的轴向速度和横向速度均增大,同时反应器流动结构与流程分布会发生较大变化.