二噁英分析检测方法研究进展及展望

二噁英是系列多氯代二苯并二噁英和多氯代二苯并呋喃的总称,是广泛存在于几乎整个生态系统如空气、土壤、底质、生物体中的一组剧毒致癌物质.它们通过各种燃烧过程、化学制造、工业生产等途径进入环境,并在环境中长期滞留和生物体内富集,给人类带来一系列毒副作用:如生殖、生长毒性、内分泌毒性、免疫抑制作用以及致癌性.本文首先对二噁英进行概述,并对其污染状况进行分析.在此基础上,阐述了二噁英分析方法的研究进展,最后论述了中国二噁英检测的进程.中国二噁英研究任重而道远,仍为今后研究重点和热点.     

基于因子分析法的公路洪灾模糊概率综合评价模型

为有效开展公路洪灾防灾减灾工作,需构建科学合理的公路洪灾评价模型。根据公路洪灾的致灾因素多样性与模糊性的特点,结合文献资料分析,初选公路洪灾的评价指标,并运用因子分析法遴选出主控因子;采用层次分析法(AHP)确定主控因子的权重系数,并结合模糊概率理论,建立基于因子分析法的公路洪灾模糊概率综合评价模型。选取云南省22条泥石流沟基础数据对评价模型进行检验。检验结果表明:该模型将经典评价方法中的10个评价指标缩减为5个,评价结果与实际情况相吻合。     

小风条件下大气扩散模式发展回顾研究

由于小风对污染事件的潜在影响,以及与中等风速和大风条件相比边界层结构、湍流和扩散的特殊性,常规的稳态高斯烟流模式在这种条件下具有局限性,建立适用于小风条件的大气扩散模式具有重要的理论和实际意义。本文回顾了近年来小风条件下大气扩散模式的建立和发展,从较简单的解析模式到复杂的数值模式,并对不同模式的参数化方案、与示踪物实验的比较结果、适用性和不足之处进行了总结。综合考虑不同模式的优劣,在应用方面有利于根据实际情况选择合适的模式,在模式开发方面,有助于建立更加完备的大气扩散模式。     

浙江省主要工业行业环境影响分析研究

选取浙江省10个主要工业行业为研究对象,运用灰色关联法分析主要工业行业经济变量与环境变量间的关联系数,以探究不同工业行业构成对浙江省经济发展和环境污染的影响.实证结果表明,浙江省主要工业行业与环境污染的综合关联度水平整体较高,对环境污染的影响较大.主要工业行业中,纺织业的综合环境关联系数最大,对环境的综合影响程度最高.另外,与工业废水排放量关系最为紧密的行业是纺织业,与工业废气排放量关系最为紧密的行业是电力、热力的生产和供应业,与工业固体废物产生量关系最为紧密的则为交通运输设备制造业.     

Improved management practice and process hazard analysis techniques for minimizing likelihood of process safety incidents in Taiwan

In Taiwan, process safety accidents often occur despite the prior implementation of process hazard analysis (PHA). One of the main reasons for this is the poor quality of the PHA process; with the main hazards not being properly identified, or properly controlled. Accordingly, based on the findings of 86 process safety management (PSM) audits, dozens of post-accident site resumption review meetings, and hundreds of PSM review sessions, this study examines the main deficiencies of management practice and PHA implementation in Taiwan, and presents several recommendations for improved PHA assessment techniques and procedures. The study additionally examines the feasibility for using PSM-related information, such as process safety information and process incident information, as a tool for further enhancing the PHA quality. Overall, the study suggests that, in addition to following the basic rules of PHA and requirements of OSHA (1992),management in Taiwan should also provide training in the enhanced assessment techniques proposed herein and take active steps to incorporate PSM information into the PHA framework in order to improve the general quality of PHA and reduce the likelihood of process safety accidents accordingly.     

天津滨海某化工园区废水预处理去毒技术研究

化工产业是天津滨海新区重要的支柱产业,该行业废水因污染种类复杂,具有高盐、高毒、难降解等特点,是滨海新区污染物控制的主要威胁。通过对滨海某化工区实际废水进行几种主流预处理技术及其组合工艺的研究,明晰了其在实验条件下各自的特点,验证了其实际处理效果,进一步掌握了其反应过程中的特性,为研究后续的示范工程应用及大规模推广打下基础。实验表明,制药废水经内电解处理后毒性削减率最高可达到46%,对化学合成废水有较好的去毒效果,该技术可有效地提高制药废水的可生化性;光催化氧化对苯胺和氯苯的最佳降解条件分别是15 g/L TiO(23 h)及17.5 g/L TiO2;负载型纳米铁和纳米四氧化三铁催化剂分别适合极酸和中性、偏碱性条件,催化效率高,COD去除效果好。     

水库水质预测的解析计算

通过对水库恒定时间连续污染源输移扩散特征的分析 ,在其简化条件下求得一维水质模型方程的解析解。结合河道型水库断面几何参数的沿程变化规律 ,给出了 2座水库沿程BOD5浓度分布 ,并分别将解析计算结果与相应水库的一维水质数值模型预测值进行比较 ,沿程BOD5浓度分布吻合良好。 更多还原      

Fertilizer application training programs,the adoption of formula fertilization techniques and agricultural productivity: Evidence from 691 apple growers in China

The article examines whether agricultural training boosted technology adoption and productivity was a key issue that was concerned by policymakers and researchers. Thus, impacts of fertilizer application training programs on the adoption of formula fertilization techniques and agricultural productivity were analyzed by using the survey data of 691 apple growers. The results indicated that: (i) compared with farmers who did not participate in fertilizer application training programs, the probability of the adoption of formula fertilization techniques was significantly increased by 256.1% for farmers who participated in fertilizer application training programs; (ii) fertilizer application training programs boosted the adoption of formula fertilization techniques via influencing farmers' cognition and willingness; (iii) yield was significantly increased by 14.3% at the 5% level through participating in fertilizer application training programs, and fertilizer application training programs improved agricultural productivity by means of enhancing the adoption of formula fertilization techniques. This study was conducive to evaluating the effectiveness of agricultural training and boosting agricultural sustainable development.     

小微景观水体治理技术探讨

小微景观水体环境容量小,自净能力低,易出现水质浑浊、藻类爆发等现象。常见的治理技术包括物理治理技术、化学治理技术和生物修复技术。在实际治理过程中,应采用多技术联用的综合治理方法,才能实现改善水质、恢复生态平衡、美化水景的目标。     

固体试剂快速测定水中阴离子表面活性剂

对亚甲蓝分光光度法进行改进,用固体试剂快速测定水中的阴离子表面活性剂。在最大吸收波长652nm处,阴离子表面活性剂质量浓度为0~2.0m g/L时遵守比尔定律,表观摩尔吸光系数为1.56×104L/(m o.lcm),检出限为0.03m g/L。该方法用于自来水、河水和工业废水中阴离子表面活性剂的测定,取得了满意结果。环境水样的平均回收率为88.3%~108.0%,相对标准偏差不超过4.67%。