基于模式过程分析技术天津地区PM2.5污染气象成因分析

基于WRF/Chem数值模式,通过过程分析技术和标记法源追踪技术解析水平输送、湍流混合、垂直运动、对流作用和区域输送对天津地区地面PM_2.5质量浓度影响,研究2019年6月～2021年5月天津地区重污染天气成因.结果表明,基于上述方法可实现重污染天气气象成因定量描述,从水平输送、湍流混合、垂直运动、对流作用和区域输送角度实现重污染天气成因数值归因分析.天津地区水平输送作用为-2.03μg·（m³·h）^-1、垂直平流为-2.24μg·（m³·h）^-1、垂直混合为-11.70μg·（m³·h）^-1、对流作用为-0.03μg·（m³·h）^-1和区域输送贡献36.23%, 2019年6月～2021年5月共出现16次重污染过程,除一次沙尘影响和一次烟花爆竹影响外,均可通过建立数值归因方法,以水平输送作用变化速指标（α）、对流作用变化速指标、垂直平流作用变化速指标（φ）和湍流混合作用变化速指标（β）以及...     

沿海农村台风“避难所”的配置合理性评价模型

我国东南沿海农村地区是世界上遭受台风灾害袭击最严重的地区之一。根据实地考察数据与分析资料,通过对台风灾害的全面风险分析与评估,依据应急过程的内在特点和避难所的功能特点,从台风避难场所的规划设计、内部硬件设施、外部软件环境三个方面出发,建立了层次化评价指标体系,应用层次分析法建立配置层次分析模型,确定指标权重,利用模糊综合评价法构建了评价模糊矩阵,进行模糊运算,得出综合评定结果。实例证明了该方法的有效性。     

Fuzzy Logic Model for the performance benchmarking of sugar plants by considering best available techniques

This paper deals with the problem of performance benchmarking of traditional beet sugar plants, by considering Best Available Techniques (BAT) for beet sugar production, as determined by the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive. A Fuzzy Logic Model, based on fuzzy set theory, was constructed for this purpose, in order to compare the performances of sugar plants within the sector's best standards, as expressed in the Reference Document on BAT.The effectiveness of the model was tested in the case study, in which three sugar plants were benchmarked against the BAT regarding the consumption of energy, water, raw materials and the production of wastes, wastewater, by-products and the main product. The model was recognized as helpful for the benchmarking needs of sugar plants. In addition, by integrating BAT Reference Document analysis into the model, it provides IPPC permitting authorities with an objective method and uniform BAT benchmarks to manage permitting process.     

“3S”技术在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用

“3S”技术是进行土壤侵蚀研究的有效工具，可以对土壤侵蚀分布与强度的动态变化进行快速监测，为水土保持决策提供依据。介绍了水力土壤侵蚀分类分级标准；研究了植被覆盖度、坡度和土地利用因子的TM影像判读方法：以TM432合成的假彩色图像和NDVI植被指数灰度图像提取植被覆盖度、DEM数据派生坡度数据、土地利用现状图获得耕地分布。以湖北省东北地区为研究区域，通过对植被覆盖度、坡度和土地利用指标的综合分析确定了该区土壤侵蚀现状和动态变化。在ARC/INFO 软件支持下，利用研究区2000年的TM图像对该区土壤侵蚀强度、空间分布进行了分析，并与1995年调查数据进行了比较，分析了研究区土壤侵蚀动态变化。     

Ecosystem Management on Public Lands: An Application of Optimal Externality to Timber Production

While there are increasing numbers of non-consumptive forest uses on public lands, some silvicultural management systems provide little flexibility for the realization of non-commodity values. Traditional economic decision-making tools, such as net present value, are often applied in a manner which inadequately accounts for the full value of the resource. As a result, sub-optimal management practices are often implemented. By applying a marginal analysis of the optimal externality of different silvicultural systems, it is possible to identify the optimal timber management strategy in terms of the total costs of the timber harvest under alternative uses. Although difficulties arise in valuing non-consumptive uses, contingent valuation with averting costs estimates can establish a lower bound on society's willingness to pay for foregone timber harvesting. Low impact harvest operations and “new forestry” techniques, such as selection harvest cuts, are helpful in reducing the external costs of timber cutting. Therefore, the implementation of such systems may actually increase the socially optimal area of public lands to be harvested under a multiple-use designation.     

苏州古城区水体污染时空分异特征及污染源解析

利用2012年苏州古城区30个监测断面的11个水质指标数据,综合运用水质指数模型(WQI)、层次聚类(HCA)、后退式判别(DA)、因子分析(FA)、绝对主成分多元线性回归(APCS-MLR)及GIS平台系统分析了旅游城市苏州古城区河网水体污染物时空分异特征及污染源解析.结果表明:①苏州古城区内城河及外围河道水体的CCME WQI值介于40~74之间,其中,66.67%的监测点水环境遭到严重破坏,主要集中在内城河河道;②系统聚类分析将采样时间分为1—3月、11月及4—6月、7—10月3个时段;将采样点分为2类,从空间上反映了古城区内城河与外围河道的污染程度;③采样时间和采样点聚类分析结果的判别分析交叉验证,正确率分别达到88.1%和78.5%;表征时间差异性用了7个指标,分别为总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、溶解氧(DO)、水温(T)、高锰酸盐指数(COD Mn)、藻密度(Algae density)、叶绿素(Chl),表征空间差异性用了5个指标,分别为总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH3-N)、溶解氧(DO)、浊度(Turb)、水温(T);显著性指标的时空差异性比较明显;④古城区内城河河道在1—3月、11月及4—6月、7—10月3个时段内的因子分析分别提取4、3和4个因子,累积解释方差分别为83.64%、72.67%和77.98%;古城区外围河道在全年内的因子分析提取了3个因子,累积解释了62.28%的总方差;因子分析表明,古城区内城河及外围河道主要为氮、磷等营养物质污染及夏季藻类爆发的问题,与古城区外围河道相比内城河河道的污染更为严重,应优先开展治理;内城河氮、磷污染除了有来自生活、餐饮旅游等第三产业的污染外,还受到降雨地表径流及河道底泥释放的非点源污染影响;⑤绝对主成分多元线性回归(APCS-MLR)表明,总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH3-N)、总磷(TP)和高锰酸盐指数(COD Mn)主要来自城市生活及餐饮旅游等第三产业污水.研究结果可为苏州古城区河道水环境改善治理提供参考.     

Effect of CO2 corrosion behavior of mild steel in oilfield produced water

The corrosion rates of API X65 mild steel alloy in CO₂ – containing produced water have been studied by weight loss technique, potentiodynamic polarization technique and characterization of the corroded surface techniques. The effect of temperature, speed of rotation, pH and acetic acid concentration were studied. The optimum condition in presence and absence of protective film were also addressed. The kinetic parameters and reaction behavior were discussed in details. Corrosion rates increases with increasing temperature, acetic acid concentration, and speed of rotation, and decreased with increasing solution pH. The primary corrosion product of API X65 mild steel is ferrous carbonate (FeCO₃) at high temperatures, high pH's (alkaline media) and absence of acetic acid, which could act as a protective film so that CO₂ corrosion rate can be reduced.     

Sustainable development control? Zoning and land use regulations for urban form,biodiversity conservation and green design in Australia

This paper examines how Australian land use plans incorporate provisions for sustainable urban form, design, biodiversity conservation, and climate change. Despite the long-standing sustainability objectives in state policy frameworks, a survey of 291 comprehensive plans finds implementation within local instruments is far from universal. Differences in patterns of policy adoption, as well as potential explanations for these differences, including geographical location, patterns of residential growth, the socio-economic composition of local communities, political forces, and policy evolution over time, are explored. Overall, areas experiencing more intensive growth tend to have newer plans, which in turn, contain more sustainability provisions, suggesting a responsive rather than repressive relationship between development pressures and regulatory development control.     

基于污染物削减效果和成本的农业面源污染控制技术优选——以太湖地区为例

农业面源污染控制既要考虑技术对污染物的削减效果,也要兼顾工程建设-运行成本.以我国近20 a来农业(种植业、畜禽养殖业、水产养殖业)面源污染控制具有代表性的73种技术为对象,根据指标(总氮、总磷、氨氮、COD削减率,建设成本,运行成本)完整性等因素初步选择了12种技术,采用层次-灰色关联度法选择兼顾污染物削减率和成本的最适技术.结果表明:种植业污染控制技术中以农田排水植物-微生物复合处理技术为最好,其次是生态拦截沟渠技术;畜禽养殖业面源污染控制技术中以养殖废水土地渗滤处理系统为最好,其次是人工湿地技术;水产养殖业污染控制技术中以组合填料序批式生物膜法为最好,其次是生物-生态复合处理技术.针对太湖地区实际情况,生态拦截沟渠技术更适合该地区农田排水污染控制,土地渗滤处理系统可用于太湖上游地区畜禽养殖业废水处理,组合填料序批式生物膜法可以用于水产养殖排水处理.所提出的层次-灰色关联度法可满足兼顾污染物削减和工程建设-运行成本的面源污染控制技术比选和决策需求.     

Total cobalt determination in human blood and synovial fluid using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: method validation and evaluation of performance variables affecting metal hip implant patient samples

Inductively coupled plasma with mass spectrometric detection (ICP-MS) has been used for clinical analysis of cobalt (Co) due to its sensitivity and specificity; however, media-specific validation studies are lacking. This study provides data on performance variables affecting differences between selected analytical platforms (Perkin Elmer and Agilent), tissue sample preparation, storage, and interferences affecting measurements in whole blood, serum, and synovial fluid. The limits of detection (LOD) range from 0.2–0.5 µg/L in serum and synovial fluid, and 0.6–1.7 µg Co/L in whole blood. The Agilent platform with collision reaction cell is more sensitive, while the Perkin Elmer platform with dynamic reaction cell demonstrates more polyatomic interferences near the LOD for serum and whole blood. Split sample analysis showed good accuracy, precision, and reproducibility between serum Co measurements using acid digestion or detergent dilution preparations for persons with metal hip implants or following supplement intake. The results demonstrated reliability of the ICP-MS methodology across the two analytical platforms and between two commercial laboratories for Co concentrations above 5 µg Co/L, but digestion procedures and polyatomic interferences may affect measurements in some media at lower concentrations. These studies validate the described ICP-MS methodology for clinical purposes with precautions at low cobalt concentrations (<5 µg Co/L).