分析毒理中生物指标的研究

生物指标提供了人体接触有毒化学物质的机体负荷、作用指标和易感性等信息，是现代分析毒理研究中的一个重要内容。本文以多环芳烃的接触指标尿中１－羟基芘的研究为例，着重讨论了生物指标研究在环境健康风险评价中的意义。     

桔园间作牧草的生态效益及其管理技术

在浙江省金华地区新垦植的红壤幼龄桔园及盛产成龄桔园进行了间作试验和调查研究。结果表明，幼龄桔园间作黑麦草或紫云英，能提高光能利用率，具有延缓秋冬土壤降温和春季土壤升温、减小土壤日温差幅度和冬季保暖、降低水土流失量等生态效应，但对夏梢生长具有不良的影响；成龄桔园长期间作紫云英也具有提高光能利用率，维持较高的肥料养分效率，明显改善土壤肥力，提高产量和改善柑桔外观品质等多种效益。桔园间作牧草应结合柑桔生产的要求，抓住适时拌肥播种、及时收割施肥和适时适量归还土壤３个管理技术要点。     

Vocal mediation of foraging competition in the cooperatively breeding green woodhoopoe (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phoeniculus purpureus</Emphasis>)

Many group-living species produce frequent vocalisations when foraging, but the function of these food-associated calls is often difficult to divine. I investigated the kek call of the cooperatively breeding green woodhoopoe (Phoeniculus purpureus), a species in which individuals have preferred foraging techniques dependent on their bill size. Individuals called at a greater rate (1) in foraging compared to non-foraging situations, and (2) in groups containing potential foraging competitors (i.e. individuals that foraged using the same preferred techniques). I therefore asked whether the kek call is used to recruit conspecific foragers or whether it acts as a vocal signal of foraging niche and mediates foraging competition. Foragers that were vocalising were no more likely to be approached than those that were silent, and individuals gained no foraging advantage from the close proximity of another group member. Thus, keks are unlikely to be used to recruit conspecifics. Instead, they appear to regulate spacing between potential foraging competitors. Although an individual forager was equally likely to be closely approached by all other group members, it increased its calling rate only in response to potential foraging competitors. This increase in calling rate resulted in the approaching individual moving away, thus maintaining some separation between individuals that forage in the same way. Maintenance of such spacing is important because the success rate of an individual decreased when a foraging competitor was close by.Communicated by M. Leonard     

环境样品前处理技术及其进展（一）

本文讨论了环境分析化学中样品制备及前处理技术的现状及其进展。有关环境样品的特点、前处理的目的及其作用、选择前处理技术的依据等也做了阐述。重点评述了近年来在环境分析化学领域中发展最快、用得比较普遍的几种新方法，即超临界流体萃取、固定萃取、微波溶出和液膜萃取等。（一）介绍样品前处理的原则和有关的基础，以及超临界流体萃取法；（二）其它方法及今后的发展动向（将刊登在《环境化学》１９９４年第二期）。     

生物法脱氮除磷技术及其研究进展

污水脱氮除磷技术在近些年来一直是水处理领域所关注的热点和难点，文章对污水生物法脱氮除磷机理做了简要分析，介绍了几种高效、经济、实用的生物脱氮除磷工艺，并评述了近年来脱氮除磷技术的研究进展。     

Recommendations for Monitoring of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in the Canadian Environment

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been reported in air, surface waters, suspended sediments, soil, sediment, fish, marine mammals, and bird eggs throughout Canada, from the St. Lawrence Estuary to the Strait of Georgia and the northernmost reaches of the Canadian Arctic. Canadian scientists have detected the presence of PBDEs in breast milk in every Canadian province. In fact, recent data on temporal trends strongly suggests that the concentrations of PBDEs are on the rise in the Canadian environment. These findings are similar to those reported in other nordic countries, and have prompted several countries to implement environmental monitoring programs. Among the key challenges currently facing Canada and other countries concerns how best to measure these chemicals in different matrices. In this paper, several analytical methods cited in the scientific literature for determining PBDE concentrations in different abiotic and biological matrices are reviewed. The critical criteria required for accurate determination of PBDEs in complex environmental matrices are discussed, including instrument sensitivity, reliability, potential interference's and the need for specialized instrumentation for the determination of compounds up to 975 Daltons. While a single analytical method that meets these and other criteria has not yet been perfected by scientists, GC/HRMS-based methods amenable to isotope dilution techniques warrant further refinement, and likely represent the best tools for future environmental monitoring programs.     

Arsenic Speciation Analysis in Water Samples: A Review of The Hyphenated Techniques

Interests in the determination of different arsenic species in natural waters is caused by the fact that toxic effects of arsenic are connected with its chemical forms and oxidation states. In determinations of water samples inorganic arsenate (As(III), As(V)), methylated metabolities (MMAA, DMAA) and other organic forms such as AsB, AsC, arsenosugars or arsenic containing lipids have the most importance. This article provides information about occurrence of the dominant arsenic forms in various water environments. The main factors controlling arsenic speciation in water are described. The quantification of species is difficult because the concentrations of different forms in water samples are relatively lowcompared to the detection limits of the available analytical techniques. Several hyphenated methods used in arsenic speciation analysis are described. Specific advantages and disadvantages of methods can define their application for a particular sample analysis. Insufficient selectivity and sensitivity of arsenic speciation methods cause searching for a new or modifications already existing techniques. Some aspects of improvement and modifications of the methods are highlighted.     

基于层次分析法的医疗废物处置技术评价

针对我国目前应用的回转窑焚烧法、热解法、高温蒸汽灭菌法、化学消毒法、微波消毒法这5种医疗废物处置技术进行了分析和比较,并通过层次分析法对这5种方法进行了定量评估和筛选,在此基础上,对最优和次优备选方案排序权重进行了灵敏度分析.结果表明,回转窑焚烧法和热解法是目前我国医疗废物处置应用最广泛的技术;但层次分析法评估结果表明,高温蒸汽灭菌法用于医疗废物处置时在社会、环境、技术和经济4个因素方面综合效益与其他4种方法相比最优,化学消毒法次之;灵敏度分析表明,导致备选方案排序变化的准则层各因素变化点分别为社会因素(0. 2100)、环境因素(0. 3500)、技术因素(0. 1200)、经济因素(0. 2400),子准则层各因素对备选方案权重排序影响较小.     

源分离尿液营养物质回收与处理技术研究进展

源分离尿液中含有大量的氮、磷等营养物质,具有污染性和资源性的双重特征。利用源分离系统对尿液单独收集处理,在降低生活污水中污染负荷的同时,还能够回收利用尿液中的氮、磷等营养物质。讨论了源分离尿液中营养物质的回收及对尿液的处理方法,分别对沉淀结晶技术、物理脱水技术、吹脱吸收技术、离子交换吸附技术、生物处理技术、电化学技术等方法的特点、原理、应用范围与研究现状进行综述,并对其技术的发展趋势进行展望,指出今后的研究热点将集中于真正实现源分离尿液的资源化、无害化和规模化。     

AESTHETIC PREFERENCE FOR WATER RESOURCE PROJECTS: AN APPLICATION OF Q METHODOLOGY1

ABSTRACT Many of the resources generating aesthetic and visual benefits are publically owned and their optimum use and development depends upon public investment. Traditionally, public investment decisions have been couched in economic terms requiring quantitative measurement of benefits and costs. Since many of the benefits these resources provide are not consumed when they are enjoyed, the total contribution of the resource is imperfectly measured in the usual market sense. Thus, if the provision of these public goods is left to the conventional market mechanism, less than socially optimal investment may occur. This study was designed to investigate whether aesthetic preferences related to water projects could be determined, and whether they differ among different groups of people. A Q sort of 44 photographs of a wide variety of water development projects was conducted with two groups, i.e., photographers (aesthetic man) and town assessors (economic man). The resultant analysis identified two significant factors. Factor 1 provided insight into a hypothesis of nature dominant or man dominant scenes. Factor 2 indicated that the respondents had a negative preference for projects which were in varying stages of completion or appeared to be polluted. Preferences were consistent between the two groups tested. The test revealed that people do not necessarily equate only naturalness with aesthetic appeal, but will accept development as aesthetic, provided that it is designed to complement the natural landscape.