生命线工程综合防灾规划决策方法研究与应用

在对生命线工程综合防灾规划编制的技术路线进行分析的基础上,引入了综合灾害指数的概念,提出了一种城市生命线工程综合防灾规划的决策方法,该方法利用综合灾害指数的计算来获得综合防灾规划的决策依据。在综合灾害指数的计算过程中,以给水工程综合防灾为例,采用层次分析法,得到10种灾害最终的评价权重;以地震灾害影响因素识别和地震灾害风险指标的计算为例给出潜在灾害的风险指标计算。最终以综合灾害指数为重要衡量标准,并结合生命线工程功能上的布局要求和系统的整体性要求来进行生命线工程的综合防灾规划。本方法在烟台市开发区生命线工程综合防灾规划中得到了实际应用,以期为我国其他城市的生命线工程综合防灾规划的编制提供借鉴。     

An approach for restoration of the water quality with emphasis on the removal of organochlorine pesticides and eutrophic conditions in tropical rivers

This work deals with an approach for the water quality restoration with emphasis on the removal of organochlorine pesticides and eutrophic conditions in tropical rivers, causing influence on the management of the central-regional aqueduct, as a source of water supply for human consumption (4 million people) and industrial production in the states of Carabobo, Cojedes and Aragua, Venezuela, testing the phytoremediation techniques through Vetiveria zizanioides (VZ) species and coupled bioreactors, Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) followed by an Upflow Anaerobic Filter in Three Separate Stages (UAF-3SS). Five rivers are involved known as Chirgua, Paito Guacara, Ereigüe, and Tucutunemo, whose waters have been classified as hypereutrophic, and containing organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). As a sample, for Tucutunemo River, OCPs included to DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and its isomers and DRINs (Aldrin, Endrin and Dieldrin) dissolved in water and sorbed on sediments, which were measured during the dry and rainy seasons in the period 2013 to 2016, in three monitoring stations distributed in a reach of 15 km. The results indicated that p.p′-DDT concentration dissolved in water was increased up to 10 times from rainy to dry seasons, indicating that a permanent use of it is being carried out by farmers in the agricultural activity development. Steady concentrations of the DTT isomers (e.g., p.p′-DDD and p.p′-DDE) and Aldrin isomers (e.g., Dieldrin) demonstrated that the anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation processes occurred along the river and between climatic seasons. At experimental scale, VZ hydroponic system developed over a period of 6 months for the removal of nutrients demonstrated moderately low to high removal efficiencies. With respect coupled bioreactors, each bioreactor has been experimentally tested, demonstrating satisfactory performance in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal from industrial wastewater containing recalcitrant and inhibitory substances (46%–98%), which was estimated in the influent ranging from 3500 to 5500 mg/L, evidencing that coupling of bioreactors might lead to a effluent COD complying with environmental regulations.     

煤矿灾害及安全管理综合评价

通过分析煤矿灾害事故,针对目前煤矿安全生产中存在的突出问题以及安全评价和安全管理中显现的深层次矛盾,运用层次分析法对矿山灾害进行分析.对矿山安全管理系统进行模糊评价,为矿山安全管理和科学决策提供了依据.     

水稻中硅元素的分布及存在状态

利用UV-Vis分光光度计、X线分析显微镜及扫描电子显微镜(Scanning electron microscope,SEM)对水稻不同器官中硅元素的含量、分布及存在状态进行观察和分析,研究水稻中硅酸的化学性质,为水稻硅元素的综合利用提供科学依据.结果表明:水稻以可溶性原硅酸的形式吸收土壤中的硅酸,同样以可溶性原硅酸的形式输送到各器官中.不同的生长期,水稻导管液内的可溶性原硅酸的含量不同,成熟期最高可达到912 mg/L(以SiO2表示).通过比较导管汁液和土壤溶液的硅酸浓度可知,水稻选择性地吸收和浓缩硅酸,最高浓缩率可达85倍.X线分析显微镜观察发现,硅酸普遍存在于水稻各器官中,越是坚硬的部位硅酸分布得越多.SEM图像表明,沉积在水稻各器官中的硅胶体具有一定的形状且不溶于强酸.对水稻干燥组分中硅酸含量的分析结果表明,稻壳中硅酸含量最高,达到13.3%,是生产硅单质及碳化硅材料的最有效的资源之一.     

Tools for an enhanced solvent properties screening in the early stages of pharmaceutical process development

The objective of this research was the implementation of tools for the evaluation of solvents trough property screening in the early stages of process development. An important feature of the tools is that the implementation of indexes, scores, or weights is avoided. Information already available from the literature was stored in a database in order to turn raw data into decision making information. As a result, a solvent radar chart, a solvent representation table, and a solvent telescopying tool were developed in an ASP.NET application. The synthesis of Propranolol was used as study case in order to explore the selection of solvents in the early stages of process development. The replacement of diethyl ether was possible in the extraction step, while solvent choices were detected for potential telescoping for extraction and crystallisation steps. Solubility was found as a critical parameter in telescoping analysis. The methodology proposed enhanced the view towards a more holistic perspective and a more robust solvent screening process. As a consequence, the next steps into solvent evaluation and process development can be reduced.     

2-巯基噻唑啉与过氧化氢酶的相互作用机理研究

2-巯基噻唑啉是一种被广泛应用的抗腐蚀剂和光亮剂,然而它的一些残留物会对环境造成损坏,为探究2-巯基噻唑啉的毒性作用,采用光谱学技术和分子对接技术来考察2-巯基噻唑啉和过氧化氢酶的相互作用影响,其中酶活性实验表明2-巯基噻唑啉会抑制过氧化氢酶的活性,分子对接结果显示2-巯基噻唑啉会结合在过氧化氢酶的活性位点处,并最终导致过氧化氢酶空间结构和微环境的变化,根据荧光测试结果,表明2-巯基噻唑啉和过氧化氢酶之间的猝灭方式为静态猝灭。通过测量不同温度下的结合位点数、结合常数以及热力学常数,显示2-巯基噻唑啉与过氧化氢酶主要通过氢键和范德华力相结合。该研究从分子水平上考察了2-巯基噻唑啉对蛋白质的毒性作用,对于阐明污染物的毒性机理具有重要意义。     

AHP与模糊评判法在垃圾填埋场选址中的应用对比

以对比研究层次分析法和模糊评判法在垃圾填埋场选址中的应用特征,并探究两者综合应用的可能性为目的,以自然地理、地质环境、工程地质条件及环境保护为评价标准,对广州市4个拟建填埋场进行了适宜性评价。在层次分析法确定的权重值的基础上,利用模糊评判法进行计算,最终确定兴丰填埋场为最佳场地,评价结果与实际应用情况相符。另外,通过对比分析发现,在参数选择与定量化方面,模糊评判法评价结果的准确性更高,而层次分析法的计算工作量较少;在评判结果的适用性方面,层次分析法的评判结果与实际相符性程度更高。研究表明,两种方法结合起来应用于垃圾填埋场的选址是可行的,且可提高评判结果的准确度。     

天然有机质与重金属相互作用的分析方法进展

由于NOM(natural organic matter,天然有机质)种类及来源的多样性及其结构和性质的复杂性,导致NOM与重金属之间的相互作用存在一定的不确定性. 针对NOM与重金属之间相互作用的一系列分析方法,重点阐述了谱学分析有关分析方法、等温滴定微量热法、溶出伏安法、zeta电位变化分析以及高效体积排阻色谱法等,这些方法从NOM的谱学特征、zeta电位、分子量、热力学参数及电化学性质等方面对二者之间的相互作用进行深入研究,取得了一定进展,但也存在不足. 针对各分析方法的特点及其局限性,建议今后联合使用多种方法分析NOM与重金属之间的相互作用机制;通过确定不同影响因素对二者结合作用的大小和权重,建立多因素影响下二者相互作用的模型,以定性、定量分析天然水体中NOM与重金属的相互作用.      

A risk-estimation methodological framework using quantitative assessment techniques and real accidents’ data: Application in an aluminum extrusion industry

The risk estimation presumably is the most crucial part of the entire procedure of assessing hazards/unsafe situations in the work, and especially in the industries’ and constructions’ worksites, where the working conditions are unstable. We can consider the risk as a quantity, which can be estimated and expressed by a mathematical relation, under the help of real accidents’ data. The aim of this work is quadruplicate: (a) the development, elaboration and explanation of two new quantitative risk-assessment techniques, (b) the improvement of specific points of other scientific works, as far as concerns quantitative risk estimation, (c) the application of these techniques on an industrial productive procedure (as a case study) and (d) the comparison of their outcome risk-estimation results. Particularly, we develop and analyze the theoretical background of the two techniques, which we call as “proportional technique” and “decision matrix technique”, and apply them on an aluminum extrusion industry's worksite, which is situated in Greece, by using real data of potential sources of hazards, recorded by safety managers, during the 5.5-year time period of 1999–2004. Comparing the results of the two quantitative risk-assessment techniques, we infer that they are compatible. Therefore, the most important hazard source in the aluminum industry is the “squeezing and hits by dropping objects (transported by derricks)”, and imposes that immediate suppressive measures must be taken place to abolish the danger source.     

基于模糊层次分析法的民用机场安全风险管理

以某一民用机场为例,基于"人-机-环境-管理"的系统工程理论,分析该机场影响飞行安全的各影响因素。利用三角模糊数来表征专家判断信息,构造三角模糊数互补判断矩阵。依据模糊层次分析法,对各影响因素进行单排序和总排序,得到其重要性的排序。模糊层次分析法可以更加客观地描述专家判断的模糊性,并且计算过程简单。基于模糊层次分析法的安全风险管理不仅能够客观地评估民航的安全状态,而且对于有重点地改善民用机场安全有着积极的作用。