Integrated environmental assessment methods: Evolution and applications

The central objectives of the European Forum on Integrated Environmental Assessment (EFIEA) include improving the scientific quality of Integrated Environmental Assessments (IEA) as well as strengthening the interactions between science and policy making in environmental matters. This paper is intended to provide a concise assessment of the evolution of IEA methods and present it as a background to current thinking on and practice in IEA. Historical roots of IEA concepts and applications are explored. Common elements and distinctive features in recent proposals to define IEA are sorted and a liberal definition is proposed for the purposes of the present methodological study. This definition emphasizes the interdisciplinary character and environmental policy orientation of IEAs. Changes in the nature, social perception, and management of environmental problems are identified as the major factors driving methodological development in IEAs. A simple scheme is proposed to arrange the main elements of IEA: disciplinary tools, integration tools, and assessment frameworks. The role of IEAs in environmental management is examined by adopting the concept of risk management functions. Due to the varying needs for interdisciplinary research and diverging degrees of policy involvement across those functions, the potential contribution of IEAs to activities belonging to different functions also varies. The flexibility and diversity of IEAs are demonstrated by a sampler of frameworks that have been developed to address profoundly different problems and audiences. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

北京市地下水中高危害污染物筛选

地下水污染物对用水安全和人民健康造成了巨大的威胁.为开展地下水中高危害污染物筛选,改进了传统的危害评价方法,构建了涵盖毒理学优先指数法（Tox Pi）,吸收、分布、代谢、排泄（ADME）性质评估法和二模网络分析法的污染物危害评估-筛选-表征综合体系,针对北京市地下水中非靶检测到的234种疏水性有机污染物（HOCs）开展危害评估和毒害污染物筛选.利用Tox Pi方法筛选出危害潜力排名前20的污染物,在此基础上耦合其ADME性质进一步识别出17种高优先级HOCs,并通过二模网络分析,系统表征了这17种高优先级HOCs作用的基因分子靶点,通过关联性和加权平均度分析最终得到10种高危害的HOCs,并揭示其毒作用类型多集中于内分泌干扰效应、致癌效应以及遗传毒性.研究结果可为我国区域地下水污染物的防治提供技术支撑.     

基于风险分析的流域优先有机污染物筛查:研究与应用

应用高通量分析方法对大清河流域47个沉积物中的潜在风险有机污染物进行了分析,共筛查到104种有毒有机污染物。应用基于风险分析的筛查体系对检出率高于10%的54种污染物进行了概率风险评估,筛查出11种具有潜在风险的流域优先有机污染物,包括农药(特草克、氨磺磷、枯莠隆)、工业用品及副产物(二苯胺、9,10-蒽醌、萘、2-甲基萘)及家庭及个人护理品(咖啡因、苯乙酮、苯甲酮、联苯)等。结果表明,基于风险分析的流域污染物筛查方法体系可成功地对流域内优先污染物进行识别与筛查,为流域管理提供科学依据。     

微生物遗传学在环境工程中的应用及原理探讨

微生物遗传学应用到环境工程领域 ,给传统的水污染控制技术和环境监测方法注入了新的活力。本文着重探讨了水处理中污泥驯化的微生物遗传学原理 ,同时评述了微生物遗传学在环境工程中的应用现状 ,分析了其中存在的问题 ,并指出了今后进一步发展的方向。     

A comparison of mussels (Perna viridis) and semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) for monitoring chlorinated trace organic contaminants in Hong Kong coastal waters.

A comparison of mussels (Perna viridis) and semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) was carried out at five sites, representing a gradient of contaminant concentrations, in Hong Kong coastal waters. Mussels, originally collected from a “clean” location, were deployed along with SPMDs at each site for 30 days. Analyses for chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) indicated that SPMDs have potential as monitoring tools, and to some extent can overcome the problems associated with mussels, such as natural variability, differing age, sex, and physical condition. However, in most cases, SPMDs failed to rank the sites in the same order as mussels in terms of contaminant concentrations. Nonetheless, in localities where mussels cannot survive – as shown at Kwun Tong in the present experiment – SPMDs may be valuable in providing an indication of potentially bio-available lipophilic pollutants.     

现代微生物遗传学技术在环境保护领域中的应用

微生物遗传学是近几十年快速发展起来的区别于经典遗传学的一个分支学科,近年来,它在基因水平上发展起来的相关技术已在环境保护领域得到了较为广泛的应用,主要包括：筛选构建转化降解微生物、改进工程菌的遗传稳定性、提供更为科学快捷准确多样的环境监测和环境评价技术手段,以及帮助合成生物可降解新型材料等几个方面。     

小型污水处理工艺及其应用前景

小型污水处理设施作为投资省见效快的方法对我国今后污水厂建设具有重要指导意义，需要各级主管部门和广大专业人员更多的关注，本文探讨了小型污水处理工艺的类型及其应用，并对我国小型污水处理厂的建设谈了几点看法。     

GUIDELINES FOR INTERACTIVE COMPUTER SOFTWARE IN WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING1

ABSTRACT: A case study in the development of interactive computer software for water resources related engineering problems in presented. Guidelines for the preparation of a uniform set of interactive program requirements are discussed. Use of the developed guidelines will reduce computer usage expenditures by minimizing program learning time and data entry errors.     

SIMULATION OF RUNOFF FROM URBAN WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT. .A mathematical model for urban watersheds is being developed in stages at the Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University at Logan. In verifying the watershed as a unit, watershed coefficients are determined on the computer, and related to the urbanization characteristics. The second stage of verification consists of dividing the watershed into subzones, and determining the urban parameters within each subzone. Each subzone is then individually modeled, and outflow hydrographs are routed through succeeding downstream subzones to the gaging point. The model thus makes it possible to: (a) develop runoff models for subzone hydrographs within the urban watershed, and (b) account for spatial variations of storm and watershed characteristics. An attempt was also made to analytically model the outflow hydrograph based on storm and watershed characteristics.     

大气汞监测技术进展

为了切实履行《关于汞的水俣公约》,落实美丽中国建设战略,我国亟待加强对大气环境及各涉汞行业的监管.采用文献调研、分类梳理的方法,系统地分析和总结了近年来国内外常用的大气汞监测技术现状与问题,并探讨了未来技术发展方向.结果表明:为了满足大气环境中低浓度多形态汞的监测需求,越来越多功能的大气汞监测技术被研发,当前基于AFS（原子荧光光谱）和AAS（原子吸收光谱）等方法的监测技术对Hg0（元素汞）可实现ng/m3的检出限,对Hg2+（氧化态汞）和Hgp（颗粒态汞）有着低至pg/m3的检出限.自动化采样监测技术是未来汞监测的发展趋势,当前技术对大气中Hg0有着2.5~5.0 min水平的时间分辨率,对大气中Hgp可达到1~2 h的时间分辨率,同时可实现远程传输数据.人工采样监测和被动采样监测技术虽然时间分辨率较差,但在Hg2+和Hgp的监测方面有着一定优势.研究显示,完善大气汞监测管理体系,除了需要研发更强大的Hg2+和Hgp测定技术用于理解相关迁移转化过程,还亟待在相应的标定方法上实现技术革新,并应用这些技术组建地区和全球大气汞监测网络.