江西兴国县农田土壤固碳潜力20a变化研究

通过GIS技术,采集38个农田土壤样品,研究了江西兴国县农田土壤有机碳变化量的空间分布特征.结果表明,20a来,兴国县农田土壤中土壤有机碳增加的面积为621.3km2,减少的面积为38.4km2,增幅主要在0~5g/kg和5~10g/kg;千枚岩、花岗岩、红砂岩、第四纪红粘土和紫色砂页岩发育的土壤中有机碳变化量分布的面积分别为361.7km2、144.7km2、76.5km2、48.7km2和18.0km2,海拔在300m以下、300~500m、500~800m和800m以上的土壤中有机碳变化量分布的面积分别为358.9km2、200.2km2、62.9km2、28.0km2.多元回归分析显示,20a来土壤有机碳变化量和初始含量呈负相关关系,土壤有机碳变化量和海拔、粘粒含量呈正相关关系.图1表2参15     

根际微生物耦合降解系统的构建及其对蒽污染土壤的修复

摘要将增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)标记的黄麻土生根际优势菌Tu-1B分别与葸高效降解菌An-2和生物表面活性剂产生菌P7-50进行原生质体电融合，得到两株具有荧光标记的融合子Tu-An和Tu-P．将二融合子接种于植物根际土壤，构建根际微生物耦合降解系统，：在40d时该系统的最大降解率为96％．对根际土壤中的Tu-An融合子进行了检测，结果表明融合子在根际能稳定旺盛生长．图3表4参18     

Accounting for large-scale factors in the study of understory vegetation using a conditional logistic model

Local-scale and large-scale factors can affect the presence of a species of understory vegetation in the forest. Local-scale factors may be the influence of surrounding trees, while climate and latitude are typically considered large-scale factors. A model for the presence of a species needs to take into account both scales. A conditional logistic model is proposed for those studies where only the local-scale factors are of interest and that avoids estimating the large-scale parameters. Conditioning is carried out by the number of quadrats in the plot where the vegetation is found. As the latter is a sufficient statistic for the large-scale factors, a model free from these parameters is obtained. Data gathered in the permanent sample plots of the 1985–1986 National Forest Inventory of Finland is used for illustration, where the local-scale factor of interest is the influence of the trees, quantified by an index based on the size and location of the trees. The model fitted to Vaccinium vitis-idaea showed a significant and positive influence of Scots pine on the presence of this species, while for Calamagrostis arundinacea, a decrease in the odds ratio was observed due to the influence of Norway spruce.     

湘北红壤丘岗区农业可持续发展问题探讨

从自然资源条件、农业基础设施、后备资源潜力、科技储备等方面剖析湘北红壤丘岗区农业发展的优势；同时阐明了阻碍该区农业可持续发展的主要因素，即土壤肥力普遍偏低、季节性干旱严重、农业生态系统脆弱、资源利用不合理、开发与利用资源的资金短缺、体制缺陷和思想观念陈旧等。提出了10条促进该区农业持续高效发展的技术途径和措施，即：(1)推广农村实用新技术，迅速提高土地生产力；(2)充分发挥“土壤水库”和工程水库的作用，抗御季节性干旱；(3)协调水土矛盾，建立丘岗开发的资源互利型利用模式；(4)全而开展生态农业建设，改善农村生态环境；(5)大力调整农业结构，尽快形成新的主导产业或生产项目；(6)壮大村级集体经济，充分发挥它在现代农业建设中的杠杆作用；(7)以市场为导向，建立农产品商品生产基地，加快农业产业化进程；(8)增强科技投入，充分发挥科技进步的推动作用；(9)建立完善的投资管理和激励机制，提高广大农民参与农业综合开发的积极性；(10)强化农业先进技术的培训和推广，提高农民科技素质。     

黄浦江沉积物污染及潜在生态风险评价初步研究

采用Hakanson生态风险指数法对黄浦江沉积物样品中PCB、Hg、Cd、As、Cu、Pb、Cr和Zn等8个污染要素进行了分析,对其污染程度和潜在的生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,黄浦江污染程度和潜在生态风险为中等。从总的污染程度来看,黄浦江各污染物对生态风险影响程度由大到小的顺序为:Hg,Cd,PCB,As,Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr。     

Recovery of Soil Macrofauna Communities after Forest Clearance in Eastern Amazonia, Brazil

Abstract:  As primary forest is cleared, pastures and secondary forest occupy an increasing space in the Amazonian landscape. We evaluated the effect of forest clearing on a soil macrofauna (invertebrate) community in a smallholder farming system of southeastern Amazonia. We sampled the soil macrofauna in 22 plots of forest, upland rice fields, pastures, and fallows of different ages. In total, we collected 10,728 invertebrates. In cleared plots the species richness per plot of the soil macrofauna fell from 76 to 30 species per plot immediately after forest clearance, and the composition of the new community was different. Ants, termites, and spiders were most affected by the disturbance. In plots deforested several years before, the effect of forest clearance was highly dependent on the type of land use (pasture or fallow). In fallows, the community was similar to the initial state. The species richness per plot in old fallows rose to 66, and the composition was closer to the primary forests than to the other types of land use. On the contrary, in the pastures the species richness per plot remained low at 47. In fallows, all the groups showed a richness close to that in primary forest, whereas in the forest only the richness of earthworms and Coleoptera recovered. Our results show that forest clearing constitutes a major disturbance for the soil macrofauna and that the recovery potential of the soil macrofauna after 6 or 7 years is much higher in fallows than in pastures. Thus, fallows may play a crucial role in the conservation of soil macrofauna.     

常规水处理厂中小隐孢子虫卵囊的去除效果

介绍了小隐孢子虫卵囊的特点及其对人体的危害,分析了pH、混凝剂种类与投加量、电导率和天然有机物含量等对小隐孢子虫卵囊的Zeta电位的影响,总结了混凝-沉淀-过滤和直接过滤对小隐孢子虫卵囊的去除效果,探讨了水温、水质、混凝剂种类与投加量、滤料层组成和滤速等对去除效果的影响.     

利用克氏螯虾触角电位监测水体Hg~(2+)污染的研究

随着工业的发展,水体污染日趋严重。一定量的重金属对生物体和人体的生理生化功能具有多方面的毒性作用。水环境中高浓度的Hg~(2+)对生物的危害极大,无机汞中又以HgCl_2为最。在水污染生物监测的研究领域内,国外已有用螯虾作为实验动物的报道。然而,迄今尚未见有Hg~(2+)影响淡水螯虾触角感觉功能的报道。     

潮间带土壤盐度与电导率的关系

以5：1的水土质量比浸提潮间带土壤，质量法测定的土壤盐度(质量分数)，与电导法测定的稀释了5倍的土壤浸提液(5：1水土质量比)的电导率值之间有极显著的相关性。质量法实测的土壤盐度与电导率计算的土壤盐度之间的相对误差多在5％以下。因此，用电导法测定潮间带土壤盐度不失为一种简便、快速的方法，尤其是样品数较多时更可节约时间。