太阳能驱动的一体化设备在农村污水处理中的应用

以太湖流域环境敏感区内某村为例,介绍了太阳能驱动的污水处理一体化设备对农村生活污水处理的应用。连续6个月的运行及监测数据表明,污水处理实际消耗电量与光伏发电量比值为54.3%,能够有效地保证污水处理所需动力。污水处理部分采用A/O-BF一体化技术,生活污水经处理以后,出水水质达到GB 18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》中一级A标准。太阳能驱动的污水处理一体化设备运行稳定、故障率低、无需投加药剂且无运行费用,适宜在太湖流域的农村地区推广应用。     

城市污泥发酵物土地利用重金属迁移变化研究

文章针对污泥发酵物开展替代草坪基质的规模化应用,对其重金属迁移风险进行了分析,通过对重金属在纵向和横向水平上的迁移量变化进行比较的结果表明,与常规对照相比,随污泥发酵物施用量(45~75 t/hm2)提高,重金属(As、Cd、Ni、Pb、Cu、Zn)在地下纵向和地表横向水平上的迁移量无显著性增加.结果表明污泥发酵物应用于草坪基质,在短期(两年)内,由地下渗流和地表径流引起的重金属迁移量甚微,施用区域内地下水和周边土壤的环境安全性较高.     

农村生态环境中生活污水治理问题剖析研究--以重庆市江津区为例

对江津区2009年－2013年农村生活污水处理设施调查分析结果表明,目前江津区农村建设的生活污水处理设施采用的技术主要有生物技术、生态技术和生物生态组合技术三种类型。结合江津区农村的特点,分析了农村生活污水处理设施建设及运管方面存在的问题,并提出解决措施与建议。农村生活污水处理设施建设和运管费等是一项长期的投入,特别是在后期的运行过程中应加强管理,建立有效的运营管理机制,保证正常运行,才能达到预期的处理效果,有效改善农村生活环境。     

不同养殖模式池塘沉降颗粒营养物质组成特征

2012年4~10月采用自制沉降颗粒收集装置收集主养草鱼和黄颡鱼池塘生态系统中沉降颗粒物,开展了颗粒物质的垂直沉降量以及沉降颗粒中碳氮磷等营养物质的组成及沉降通量的季节变化特征的研究。结果表明:养殖可以显著提高池塘颗粒物质的垂直沉降量,主养草鱼池塘中颗粒物质垂直沉降量显著高于主养黄颡鱼池塘(p0.01),且两种养殖模式池塘颗粒物质沉降量随着养殖时间推进有显著增加的趋势。主养草鱼的池塘中颗粒物质垂直沉降量在100.39~414.66g/(m2·d)之间变化,平均为224.46g/(m2·d),主养黄颡鱼池塘中沉降颗粒物质垂直沉降量在34.14~272.91g/(m2·d)之间变化,平均为155.18g/(m2·d)。两种养殖模式沉降颗粒的碳氮磷成分在养殖周期内的变化规律不明显但具有相似的变化趋势,主养黄颡鱼池塘沉降颗粒中TN、TC、TOC和TON的含量均比同时期主养草鱼高,且均随着养殖时间的推进,沉降颗粒中碳氮磷的总量呈增加趋势。两种养殖模式池塘沉降颗粒中的C/N比值与沉积物中的C/N比值较为接近,表明沉降颗粒与沉积物营养物质来源具有一定的相似性,同时养殖系统内养殖对象与其所处环境的相互依存和相互影响对颗粒物质的产生以及沉降具有重要作用。     

Sustainability and Local People’s Participation in Coastal Aquaculture: Regional Differences and Historical Experiences in Sri Lanka and the Philippines

This article discusses environmental sustainability in aquaculture and its contribution to poverty alleviation, based on field studies in Sri Lanka and the Philippines. The aquaculture practices studied are the monoculture of the black tiger prawn (Penneaus monodon) and milkfish (Chanos chanos) and the polyculture of the two species together with the mud crab (Scylla serrata). Factors affecting economic viability, social equity and environmental impacts in aquaculture are discussed and used to illuminate local and regional differences between aquaculture in Sri Lanka and the Philippines. Findings indicate that the most significant difference is the level of participation by local people (i.e., people originating ≤10 km away from the farm location). In the Philippines, 84 % of the people involved in aquaculture are locals, whereas in Sri Lanka, 55% are outsiders. Whether differences between the two areas can be explained by analyzing regional conditions, which might have resulted in different aquaculture practices, is discussed. In Sri Lanka, semi-intensive shrimp monoculture is currently the most common practice, whereas in the Philippines, extensive shrimp/fish polyculture is more common. Previous studies, as well as fieldwork, indicate that extensive culture practices reduce environmental impacts and benefit local people more. Sustainability in aquaculture is, however, also dependent on the extent of mangrove conversion into ponds. As such, extensive and locally owned farms do not necessarily result in an all but sustainable situation. Keeping this in mind, it is discussed if extensive polyculture practices might result in a more sustainable aquaculture, both environmentally and socioeconomically.     

铁盐浸渍强化污泥活性炭-甲醇热质传递特性

针对以市政污泥为核心的炭素前驱体开展原位铁盐浸渍磁修饰,通过响应曲面试验设计优化并制备了新型原位浸渍炭IM-WNC;以成品炭的后浸渍磁修饰炭PM-WNC为参比,考察了原位浸渍与后浸渍磁修饰过程对污泥活性炭-甲醇工质对的吸附/解吸速率、吸附等温线、吸附床传热性能、制冷量及制冷功率等方面的影响。结果表明:与后浸渍过程相比,原位铁盐浸渍有利于保持污泥炭总孔容积(0.6608cm³/g)及比表面积(1122m²/g)水平,能显著提升致密化污泥炭IM-WNC的导热系数(600kg/m³,4.586W/(m·K))、甲醇Sokoda&Suzuki平衡吸附量((528.74±15.86)mg/g)和Langmuir最大吸附量((673.99±13.52)mg/g)。升温脱附与冷却吸附循环体系内,IM-WNC致密化吸附床中心温度峰谷差值可达到69.07℃。当循环时间为76min,解吸温度为100℃时,IM-WNC吸附制冷床的制冷量和制冷功率分别达到501.43kJ/kg和799.06kJ/(kg·h),较PM-WNC分别提升了15.61%和18.69%。     

小城镇污水处理存在的问题及对策建议

从我国小城镇水污染现状出发，分析了小城镇污水处理目前存在对污水处理认识不足、缺乏相应资金支持、运行模式落后和相关政策法规不完善等问题；对小城镇污水处理发展提出了对策建议。     

Effect of environmental forcing on the fate of nutrients, dissolved organic matter and heavy metals released by a coastal wastewater pipeline

Discharges of nutrients, urea, dissolved organic matter and heavy metals by a sewage underwater pipeline are analysed in comparison to environmental conditions in a shallow coastal zone. Variable thermo-haline stratifications of the water column and currents in upper (2.62-34.97 cm s^-1) and deeper (0.83-10.91 cm s^-1) layers drive vertical diffusion and lateral transport of wastewaters. Loads of reactive phosphorus (0.13 tons d^-1) and ammonium (1.62 tons d^-1) by the pipeline are not negligible compared to the major river loads in the gulf. High concentrations of urea (≤11.51 μmol N dm^-3) were found in the area of wastewater release. Ammonium uptake (6.14-534 nmol N dm^-3 h^-1) strongly exceeded nitrate uptake (0.19-138 nmol N dm^-3 h^-1), indicating that discharges of ammonium by the pipeline are actively assimilated by plankton community even at low levels of light. Distribution of Zn (≤27.7 ppb), Cu (≤25.6 ppb), Cd (≤0.80 ppb) and Pb (≤13.5 ppb) in the water column and the measurement of their complex-forming capacity in seawater did not indicate a persistent perturbation of the pelagic environment due to heavy metals.     

Pb2+对城市污水处理厂污泥中苏云金芽孢杆菌发酵的影响

以城市污水处理厂污泥为培养基,研究了添加Pb2+对Bt(Bacillus thuringiensis,苏云金芽孢杆菌)生长和晶体蛋白合成的影响,同时分析了Bt发酵过程中有效态Pb含量(以ρ计)的变化,并采用FTIR(傅立叶红外光谱)和XPS(X射线光电子能谱),初步探讨了Pb2+在Bt表面的作用机制.结果表明:污泥培养基在支持Bt生长代谢和降低重金属有效态含量方面均优于商用培养基,当初始ρ(Pb2+)高达400 mg/L时,与未添加Pb2+相比,污泥培养基中Bt活菌数与晶体蛋白产量约分别下降48%和54%,而商用培养基中约分别下降82%和75%,证实了污泥作为Bt发酵培养基的可行性;Bt对Pb2+有较好的耐受性,当ρ(有效态Pb)在80 mg/L以下时,Bt生长代谢不会受到显著影响.光谱学分析表明,Bt对Pb2+有少量吸附,从而降低Bt发酵过程中Pb的生物有效性,吸附位点主要为羟基,部分C O和S O也参与了吸附反应.     

水解酸化-接触氧化法处理生活污水的工艺设计

厂区生活污水有机物及悬浮颗粒含量高,可生化性好。采用水解酸化-接触氧化法(厌氧/好氧)处理生活污水,目前系统运行稳定,出水各项指标达到国家GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中二级排放标准。设计处理能力为1 500 m3/d,处理后出水进入厂区回用水池。