基于甲烷氧化菌的城镇污水厂尾水极限脱氮系统构建及机制

好氧甲烷耦合反硝化（AME-D）在城镇污水厂尾水深度脱氮方面具有巨大的应用潜力,研究采用改良型反硝化生物滤池,利用低浓度甲烷构建出AME-D极限脱氮系统.研究发现该系统在间歇式运行方式下,出水中总氮和氨氮的平均浓度能达到1.05 mg·L^-1和0.54 mg·L^-1,其平均去除率分别为94.77%和93.30%.拉曼光谱分析结果显示,由NO₃^-对称伸缩引起的峰明显消失,由醇COH面外弯曲或C—H面外弯曲振动吸收引起峰明显增强,甲烷被氧化形成的中间产物可能主要为醇类物质.16S rRNA基因测序结果表明,系统中的甲烷氧化菌主要为Methylocystis（0.27%）、Methylosarcina（0.10%）和Methyloparacoccus（0.12%）,反硝化菌主要为Pseudomonas（56.92%）、Paenibacillus（3.52%）和Lysinibacillus（3.00%）,硝化菌主要为Nitrospira（0.1%）,说明AME-D极限脱氮系统的脱氮功能是由好氧甲烷氧化菌、反硝化菌和硝化菌协同实现.     

Antibacterial potency of housefly larvae extract from sewage sludge through bioconversion

Use of the fly to convert sewage sludge into nutrient-rich soil conditioner and amendment is an attractive approach for sludge bioconversion. During this process, fecal coliforms, an indicating pathogen, in sludge were reduced to 5.3 × 102 most probable number /g dry solid from initial 3.32 × 106 MPN/g dry solid. It was also found that the extract of larvae grown in sludge during bioconversion have an observable inhibitory effect against bacteria compared to larvae grown in wheat bran as measured by minimum bacterial concentration tests. In vitro antimicrobial assay tests over time also showed that the extract had strong inhibitory efficiencies of ca. 99% against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens, while the efficiency was 69% and 57% against Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively. The observed pathogenic bacterial cell membrane damage was found to be responsible for the phenomenon mentioned above, with nuclear acids leaching out quickly and alkaline phosphatase increasing in the outer membrane, followed by an increase of β-galactosidase in the inner membrane. Clearly, housefly larvae extract from sewage sludge through bioconversion possesses antibacterial potency against pathogenic bacteria.     

Absolute dominance of hydrogenotrophic methanogens in full-scale anaerobic sewage sludge digesters

Anaerobic digestion （AD） is gaining increasing attention due to the ability to covert organic pollutants into energy-rich biogas and, accordingly, growing interest is paid to the microbial ecology of AD systems. Despite extensive efforts, AD microbial ecology is still limitedly understood, especially due to the lack of quantitative information on the structures and dynamics of AD microbial communities. Such knowledge gap is particularly pronounced in sewage sludge AD processes although treating sewage sludge is among the major practical applications of AD. Therefore, we examined the microbial communities in three full-scale sewage sludge digesters using qualitative and quantitative molecular techniques in combination： denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and real-time polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. Eight out of eleven bacterial sequences retrieved from the DGGE analysis were not affiliated to any known species while all eleven archaeal sequences were assigned to known methanogen species. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that, based on the 16S rRNA gene abundance, the hydrogenotrophic order Methanomicrobiales is the most dominant methanogen group （〉 94% of the total methanogen population） in all digesters. This corresponds well to the prevailing occurrence of the DGGE bands related to Methanolinea and Methanospirillum, both belonging to the order Methanomicrobiales, in all sludge samples. It is therefore suggested that hydrogenotrophic methanogens, especially Methanomicrobiales strains, are likely the major players responsible for biogas production in the digesters studied. Our observation is contrary to the conventional understanding that aceticlastic methanogens generally dominate methanogen communities in stable AD environments, suggesting the need for further studies on the dominance relationship in various AD systems.     

温度对干化污泥水蒸气气化产气特性的影响

采用固定床气化装置,在水蒸气流量为0.32 kg/h条件下进行了污泥水蒸气气化实验。研究了温度对污泥气化气体产率、氢气产率、气体成分与低位热值、气体能源转化率的影响。结果表明:随着反应温度从700℃上升到1 000℃;气体产率从0.39 m3/kg升至0.61 m3/kg;氢气产率从0.18 m3/kg升至0.34 m3/kg;气体能源转化率从54%升至88%;产气的低位热值从10 688.1 kJ/m3提高至11 168.9 kJ/m3。同时产气中H2和CO含量随着温度的升高而增加,CH4、CO2和CnHm含量随温度的升高而减少。因此,为了获得更多的可燃气体,建议在污泥水蒸气气化工艺中,气化温度必须大于800℃。     

水浴消解－原子荧光法同时测定污水处理厂污泥中的汞和砷

本文主要介绍了应用双道原子荧光光谱法,采用水浴消解法同时测定污水处理厂污泥中汞和砷的原理和过程。结果表明,该方法具有操作简单、快速省事、灵敏度高、准确度好、节省试剂等优点,是较好的测定方法。     

以亲水化改性聚氨酯为多孔载体的生物膜移动床反应器处理污水中试研究

载体是生物膜移动术反应器(MBBR)工艺的关键影响因素,利用亲水化改性聚氨酯载体构建MBBR,用于城市污水的中试研究.反应器日处理能力为3～3.5 t.d-1,水力停留时间为7～8 h,在连续进水(进水COD 140～280 mg.L-1,NH4+-N 30～50 mg.L-1,总氮45～65 mg.L-1,总磷2.5～4.0 mg.L-1)条件下对改性载体的挂膜速度、有机物和氮的去除效果及不同温度下的污水处理特性进行了研究.140 d的试验结果表明在24～28℃时,载体上生物膜在6 d左右即可完成挂膜,并达到稳定的处理效果.COD、NH4+-N、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为70%、97%、70%和39%.随着水温逐渐降低到12℃左右,NH4+-N的去除率依然能达到97%,表明通过添加改性载体可以提高反应器低温条件下的硝化能力.     

社区化粪池污水能量转化估算与分析研究

以化粪池单元为研究对象,基于ADM1模型的反应过程,建立了社区化粪池污水能量转化核算模型(WeMax-STK模型),对污水能量在化粪池中的赋存、转化以及去向进行了分析,并评估了污水能量的回收潜力.结果表明,WeMax-STK模型整体可靠,模拟值与监测值的平均误差不超过24%,不确定性低于18%,模型准确率在70%以上.化粪池进水有机物转化为热能和内部微生物能量的比例约占进水总化学能量的17%,污水化学能的主要去向是转化为慢速降解基质的能量,化粪池内有机物转化为气态甲烷的能量仅占进水化学能总量的4%左右.污水热能的回收强度约4.6kWh/m³,热能回收潜力约为24%～25%,大约是污水化学能回收潜力的3～6倍.     

Interactions of fluoroquinolone antibiotics with sodium hypochlorite in bromide-containing synthetic water: Reaction kinetics and transformation pathways

Seven popular fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs) in synthetic marine aquaculture water were subject to sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) disinfection scenario to investigate their reaction kinetics and transformation during chlorination. Reactivity of each FQ to NaClO was following the order of ofloxacin (OFL) > enrofloxacin (ENR) > lomefloxacin (LOM) > ciprofloxacin (CIP) ~ norfloxacin (NOR) >> pipemedic acid (PIP), while flumequine did not exhibit reactivity. The coexisting chlorine ions and sulfate ions in the water slightly facilitated the oxidation of FQs by NaClO, while humic acid was inhibitable to their degradation. The bromide ions promoted degradation of CIP and LOM, but restrained oxidation of OFL and ENR. By analysis of liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), eight kinds of emerging brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs) caused by FQ_S were primarily identified in the chlorinated synthetic marine culture water. Through density functional theory calculation, the highest-occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) characteristic as well as the charge distribution of the FQs were obtained to clarify transformation mechanisms. Their formation involved decarboxylation, ring-opening/closure, dealkylation and halogenation. Chlorine substitution occurred on the ortho-position of FQs's N4 and bromine substitution occurred on C8 position. The piperazine ring containing tertiary amine was comparatively stable, while this moiety with a secondary amine structure would break down during chlorination. Additionally, logK_ow and logBAF of transformation products were calculated by EPI-Suite^TM to analyze their bioaccumulation. The values indicated that Br-DBPs are easier to accumulate in the aquatic organism relative to their chloro-analogues and parent compounds.     

污泥热水解滤液作污水反硝化碳源的脱氮性能

以污泥热水解滤液作为外加碳源,通过对SBR反应器脱氮效果、碳氮平衡及活性污泥EPS的分析,探究了污泥热水解滤液的脱氮性能,并与传统碳源乙酸钠进行了比较.结果表明,污泥热水解滤液和乙酸钠作为碳源可将出水TN从27.64mg/L分别降至12.05mg/L和7.98mg/L,说明两种碳源的投加均能强化反硝化过程;通过碳氮平衡分析可以看出,未加入碳源时污水TN去除率只有47.83%,加入热水解滤液后污水的TN去除率达到了81.30%,且滤液增加的氮负荷远远小于滤液作为外加碳源去除污水中TN的量;加入热水解滤液和乙酸钠时,活性污泥的EPS均有增加,但乙酸钠为碳源时的EPS含量更高,而EPS的增加引起了污泥SVI的增大.     

养殖塘CH4通量时空变化特征及其影响因素

本研究基于多通道密闭式动态箱法对亚热带典型养殖塘CH₄通量的时空变化特征及其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明：亚热带养殖塘CH₄主要排放方式是冒泡,CH₄扩散及冒泡通量均呈现明显的季节变化特征.春、夏、秋、冬4个季节CH₄扩散通量分别为：0.113,0.830,0.002,0.005μmol/（m²·s）,冒泡通量分别为0.923,1.789,0.006,0.007μmol/（m²·s）,冒泡通量占总通量的比例分别为89.04%、68.29%、78.95%和60.52%.在冬、春季养殖塘没有人工管理措施的情况下,CH₄通量随着离岸距离的增加而增大,冬、春季养殖塘中间区域CH₄总通量分别是岸边浅水区的34.70和2.98倍.夏季养殖活跃期CH₄通量在空间上呈现出：人工投食区（7.371μmol/（m²·s））>自然生长区（2.151μmol/（m²·s））>人工增氧区（0.888μmol/（m²·s））>岸边浅水区（0.206μmol/（m²·s））的特征.在0.5h尺度上,春季CH₄扩散通量与水温呈显著正相关关系,与风速呈负相关关系,秋季CH₄扩散通量与水温、风速呈正相关关系,冒泡通量和水温呈正相关关系.在日尺度上,水温是CH₄扩散通量和冒泡通量的主控因子,两者均随着水温升高呈指数增加,并且冒泡通量的水温敏感性Q₁₀（12.72）大于扩散通量（7.78）.