我国排污权交易制度的建立和实施

针对我国日益严重的环境问题,分析了建立和实施排污权交易制度的必要性和可行性,并进一步提出建立和实施排污权交易制度的措施：确定排污权发放总量,奠定排污权交易基础;引入环境合同制度,规范排污权交易形式;确认排污单位排污权,监管排污权转让;制定并完善法律法规,保障排污权交易制度的顺利实施。     

微等离子弧放电催化水处理技术的研究

采用钛为阳极的微等离子弧放电技术,研究了在模拟废水处理中放电催化效应及其机理,发现该技术对甲基橙有好的放电催化处理效果.甲基橙的脱色程度与峰值电压、脉冲频率、占空比、阳极电极面积等有关.在0.3mol·L-1的H3PO4电解液中,在峰值电压为550V、脉冲频率200Hz,占空比1∶180、阳极电极面积50mm×50mm条件下,20min内600mL、20mg·L-1的甲基橙溶液脱色率达90%.实验结果表明,该放电催化体系具有协同效果好、能效高、反应器设计要求简单等特点,是一种有发展前景的水处理新技术.     

复合式静电除尘器脱除电厂排放PM2.5研究

控制燃煤电厂的小颗粒PM2.5排放是控制大气可吸人颗粒物污染的重要途径之一.传统静电除尘器对亚微米级颗粒脱除效率较低,为提高脱除效率,建立了一种脉冲预荷电直流收尘的复合式除尘系统,采用较低能耗的高压窄脉冲放电对颗粒物预荷电,大大提高了亚微米级颗粒的荷电量.结合传统的直流静电除尘器可以大幅提高对亚微米级颗粒的脱除效率,对小于1μm的颗粒脱除效率可以达到90%以上.并分析了脉冲荷电的电源形式和电压等因素对脱除效率的影响,为改造传统静电除尘器提供了理论支持.     

高压脉冲放电等离子体水处理中的放电方式及其应用

介绍了高压脉冲放电水处理技术的原理,综述了已有的放电方式,包括气相放电、液相放电和气液混合放电3种方式,介绍了近年来国内外对各放电方式的应用。讨论了各放电方式的特点,并提出该领域有待进行的研究工作。     

高压脉冲液相放电废水处理技术的研究进展

综述了国内外高压脉冲液相放电技术在水处理方面的应用及研究现状,概述了高压脉冲液相放电技术的原理以及目前高压脉冲液相放电技术的主要研究方向,如高压脉冲电源、物理效应、反应器、污染物和降解机理等方面,并提出了此技术存在的问题和前景.     

等离子体脱硫运行参数分析

利用介质阻挡强电离放电产生非平衡等离子体,进行模拟烟气脱硫。通过一次回归正交设计,对影响非平衡等离子体脱硫效率的因素进行了分析,建立了多元线性回归模型,分析了因子的主次,并得到了实验指标和各因子之间的定量规律。通过对模型的优化,获得了使脱硫率较高的各因素的最优组合。     

水蒸气电晕放电下的烟气脱硫效果

采用多针-板式电极,在70 m³/h烟气流量范围内,研究了水蒸气浓度、烟气流量、电场强度等因素对不饱和水蒸气正直流电晕放电烟气脱硫率的影响以及水蒸气电晕放电对脉冲放电烟气脱硫率的提高.研究结果表明,实验范围内,按照NH₃∶SO₂摩尔比为2∶1添加NH3的条件下,增加水蒸气流量、增强电场强度、减少烟气流量,烟气脱硫率能提高10%,达到60%左右.同时,水蒸气电晕放电能使脉冲放电的烟气脱硫率提高5%左右,达到90%以上.     

Toluene removal characteristics by a superimposed wire-plate dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor

A superimposed wire-plate dielectric barrier discharge reactor was used to remove toluene in this study. The effects of oxygen content, gas flow rate, gas initial concentration and with/without catalyst on toluene decomposition were investigated. It was found that an optimal toluene removal was achieved when the oxygen content was about 5%. Under this condition, the highest toluene removal efficiency of 80.8% was achieved when the gas concentration was 80 mg/m^3. The toluene removal efficiency decreased with the increase of the gas flow rate and the initial concentration of toluene. In addition, the ozone concentration decreased with the increase of the initial concentration of toluene. It suggested that combining DBD （dielectric barrier discharge） with Co3O4/Al2O3/foam nickel catalyst in-situ could improve the toluene removal efficiency and suppress ozone formation. Products analysis showed that the main products were CO and CO2 when oxygen was more than 5%.     

Complex and nonlinear climate-driven changes in freshwater insect communities over 42 years

The ongoing biodiversity crisis becomes evident in the widely observed decline in abundance and diversity of species, profound changes in community structure, and shifts in species’ phenology. Insects are among the most affected groups, with documented decreases in abundance up to 76% in the last 25–30 years in some terrestrial ecosystems. Identifying the underlying drivers is a major obstacle as most ecosystems are affected by multiple stressors simultaneously and in situ measurements of environmental variables are often missing. In our study, we investigated a headwater stream belonging to the most common stream type in Germany located in a nature reserve with no major anthropogenic impacts except climate change. We used the most comprehensive quantitative long-term data set on aquatic insects available, which includes weekly measurements of species-level insect abundance, daily water temperature and stream discharge as well as measurements of additional physicochemical variables for a 42-year period (1969–2010). Overall, water temperature increased by 1.88 °C and discharge patterns changed significantly. These changes were accompanied by an 81.6% decline in insect abundance, but an increase in richness (+8.5%), Shannon diversity (+22.7%), evenness (+22.4%), and interannual turnover (+34%). Moreover, the community's trophic structure and phenology changed: the duration of emergence increased by 15.2 days, whereas the peak of emergence moved 13.4 days earlier. Additionally, we observed short-term fluctuations (<5 years) in almost all metrics as well as complex and nonlinear responses of the community toward climate change that would have been missed by simply using snapshot data or shorter time series. Our results indicate that climate change has already altered biotic communities severely even in protected areas, where no other interacting stressors (pollution, habitat fragmentation, etc.) are present. This is a striking example of the scientific value of comprehensive long-term data in capturing the complex responses of communities toward climate change.     

单芯铜线过电流故障电弧熔痕的微观特征研究*

为准确认定电气火灾中过电流故障,模拟4~7倍额定电流（Ie）条件下单芯铜导线过电流故障,利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析过电流故障电弧熔痕的组织特征,并结合Image-Pro Plus软件测定晶粒直径、周长和面积,探究金相组织的量化判据和变化规律。结果表明:当I＝4Ie时,过电流故障电弧熔痕的金相组织主要为方向性较强的树枝晶;当I＝5Ie,6Ie时,金相组织内树枝晶占比减小,胞状晶占比升高;当I＝7Ie时,方向性较弱的胞状晶占主导。随着电流增加,晶粒的平均直径、周长和面积均呈增长趋势。通过火灾案例分析可知,实验结果与现场的电弧熔痕组织特征基本相符,验证火灾事故原因为过电流故障。