Stability and Mixing of a Vertical Axisymmetric Buoyant Jet in Shallow Water

The stability, mixing and effect of downstream control on axisymmetric turbulent buoyant jets discharging vertically into shallow stagnant water is studied using 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS) combined with a buoyancy-extended k –ε model. The steady axisymmetric turbulent flow, temperature (or tracer concentration) and turbulence fields are computed using the finite volume method on a high resolution grid. The numerical predictions demonstrate two generic flow patterns for different turbulent heated jet discharges and environmental parameters (i) a stable buoyant discharge with the mixed fluid leaving the vertical jet region in a surface warm water layer; and (ii) an unstable buoyant discharge with flow recirculation and re-entrainment of heated water. A stratified counterflow region always appears in the far-field for both stable and unstable buoyant discharges. Provided that the domain radius L exceeds about 6H, the near field interaction and hence discharge stability is governed chiefly by the jet momentum length scale to depth ratio l_M/H, regardless of downstream control. The near field jet stability criterion is determined to be l_M/H = 3.5. A radial internal hydraulic jump always exists beyond the surface impingement region, with a 3- to 6-fold increase in dilution across the jump compared with vertical buoyant jet mixing. The predicted stability category, velocity and temperature/concentration fields are well-supported by experiments of all previous investigators.     

辉光放电等离子体技术处理印染废水的研究

用辉光放电等离子体技术对茜素红降解进行了研究，藉助紫外光谱分析了其降解过程，结果表明，在pH=7时，茜素红于60min便可以被完全降解，且其排放液接近无色，降解过程中溶液pH值降低，说明反应过程中可能有羧酸类物质生成．两电极间的距离与催化剂对降解率有显著影响，COD先升高后降低，若在Fe^2 存在时，反应只需10min，且COD值不断减小．     

Electrosensory basis for individual recognition in a weakly electric, mormyrid fish, Pollimyrus adspersus (Günther, 1866)

Pollimyrus adspersus discriminates the individually variable waveforms of Electric Organ Discharges (EODs) of conspecifics of only 150–250 s duration. We examined: (1) the discrimination threshold for artificially generated EODs of similar waveform, (2) the mechanism of signal analysis (spectral vs temporal) present, by determining the discrimination between different waveforms of identical amplitude spectra, and (3) the threshold field intensity and reach of discrimination. The triphasic P. adspersus EOD waveform was artificially generated by superimposing two Gaussians, one wide, the second narrow, inverted, and of threefold amplitude. The natural variability among individual EOD waveforms was simulated by phase-shifting one Gaussian relative to the other. The symmetrical waveform where the peaks of the two Gaussians coincided was used as a reference (phase shift=0, rewarded stimulus S+). Results were: (1) in food-rewarded conditioning experiments, trained fish (N=7) detected a phase-shift in artificial EOD stimuli as low as 2 s (N=2 fish), 6 s (N=1) and 10 s (N=1). (2) All fish tested (N=3) discriminated between artificial EODs of identical amplitude spectra but different waveforms (hence, different phase spectra), demonstrating a temporal mechanism of signal analysis. (3) The maximum reach of waveform discrimination was 130 cm at 4.9 V_p-p/cm and 100 S/cm water conductivity (test signal generated at natural amplitude), that is, similar to the reach of EOD detection. Therefore, among the three kinds of electroreceptor organ present in mormyrids, we consider Knollenorgane the relevant sensory organs for EOD waveform discrimination.Communicated by J. Krause     

A LUMPED STREAM-AQUIFER MODEL TO ASSESS RECLAIMED WATER IMPACTS1

ABSTRACT: A lumped, in time and space, model of stream-aquifer interactions is developed. The model is based upon mass balance and ancillary phenomenological equations that can evaluate changes in streamflow and groundwater quantity and quality. The model is applied to the Santa Margarita River, San Diego County, California to assess the impacts of proposed discharges of reclaimed wastewater on streamflows and underlying groundwaters. The model is relatively simple and economical to apply, thus minimizing analysis costs.     

Salt enrichment of municipal sewage: New prevention approaches in Israel

Wastewater irrigation is an environmentally sound wastewater disposal practice, but sewage is more saline than the supplied fresh water and the salts are recycled together with the water. Salts have negative environmental effects on crops, soils, and groundwater. There are no inexpensive ways to remove the salts once they enter sewage, and the prevention of sewage salt enrichment is the most immediately available solution. The body of initiatives presently structured by the Ministry of the Environment of Israel are herein described, with the aim to contribute to the search for a long-term solution of salinity problems in arid countries. The new initiatives are based on: (1) search for new technologies to reduce salt consumption and discharge into sewage; (2) different technologies to cope with different situations; (3) raising the awareness of the public and industry on the environmental implications of salinity pollution; and (4) an elastic legal approach expressed through new state-of-the-art regulations. The main contributor to the salinity of sewage in Israel is the watersoftening process followed by the meat koshering process. Some of the adopted technical solutions are: the discharge of the brine into the sea, the substitution of sodium by potassium salts in the ion-exchangers, the construction of centralized systems for the supply of soft water in industrial areas, the precipitation of Ca and Mg in the effluents from ion-exchangers and recycling of the NaCI solution, a reduction of the discharge of salts by the meat koshering process, and new membrane technology for salt recovery.     

工业雷管意外起爆的防范研究

工业雷管在生产、贮运、使用过程中存在意外发火或爆炸事故。为了防止这种突然事件和避免带来的伤害与损失，笔者就可能导致意外起爆的各种原因进行了分析，提出了各种相应的防范措施和意见     

不同喷射方式细水雾灭火效果的试验

细水雾的喷射方式对其灭火效果存在一定的影响。利用时间继电器控制细水雾灭火系统的启停,开展了连续式和脉冲式两种喷射方式的细水雾对开门与关门两种通风条件下不同燃料油池火分别进行抑制的试验研究。结果表明:在试验条件下,对于开门状态下连续式细水雾难以扑灭的汽油池火,脉冲式细水雾能显著提高灭火效果;对于连续式细水雾容易扑灭的柴油池火及关门状态下的汽油池火,脉冲式细水雾不能提高灭火效果,且灭火时间和用水量均有所增加;对于细水雾难以扑灭的酒精池火,连续式细水雾和脉冲式细水雾均未有效扑灭火焰。     

基于PSO-SVM的工艺装置液位监测方法

生产装置的"假液位"现象严重影响了工业生产过程的正常运行。为此,运用软测量思想建立数学模型,监测直接测量结果,防止假液位的发生,保障生产安全。通过比较机理建模法与基于数据驱动建模法的优劣,提出采用PSO-SVM法建立数学模型,并以SBR泄料槽液位的监测为例进行分析。以集管进料压力P_1、泄料槽入口温度T_A丁二烯分离系统压力p_O这3个量作为辅助变量来预测泄料槽液位L。结果表明,该模型预测值与实际值符合良好,具有较强的预测性能,能够较好地对SBR泄料槽液位进行监测,有效避免SBR泄料槽假液位的产生。     

基于CFD-DEM模拟物料流在转运点处的流动特性

转运点处产生的大量粉尘严重危害生产人员健康及设备安全,为了减少物料颗粒流在该处的产尘量,对颗粒流在输送带转运点处的运动过程进行了数值模拟。模拟依据流体力学基本控制方程和颗粒运动方程的基础理论,其中湍流模型选用RNG k-ε两方程模型,方法采用CFD-DEM双向耦合。经颗粒运动分析和压力流场分析,结果表明:物料颗粒流在转运点处的运动过程呈现出3个运动阶段:弧形下落、碰撞反射、稳定运输。根据这3个阶段的颗粒流运动规律及流场变化情况,改进了一种符合气固两相流流动规律的弧形防尘罩及溜槽,维持物料稳定流动,降低了下落时的动能和产尘量。     

辉光放电电解等离子体降解水体中的罗丹明B

用辉光放电电解等离子体(GDEP)对模拟染料废水罗丹明B(RhB)的降解过程进行了研究.通过发射光谱法测定了GDEP产生的活性粒子,采用紫外光谱分析了放电电压、溶液浓度、pH、Fe~(2+)等对RhB脱色率的影响,并用电导率仪和酸度计测定了降解过程中溶液的电导率和pH的变化,同时结合红外光谱粗略探讨了降解机理.结果表明,在最佳电压为600 V和放电60 min时,200 m L 20 mg·L~(-1)RhB的脱色率可达95.4%,降解过程符合动力学准一级反应;降解过程中溶液的电导率先增大后减小,溶液的pH呈现先减小后增大的趋势,说明在放电过程中产生了大量带电离子及酸性中间产物;加入0.03 mmol的Fe~(2+)对RhB的降解有催化作用,在pH=3.19条件下,放电5 min可使RhB的脱色率达到98.3%;羟基自由基(·OH)对RhB的降解起关键作用.