降解酸性蓝B的镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.)HJ01的分离和降解特性研究

从膨润土中分离出一株对酸性蓝B具有降解效果的镰刀菌(Fusariumsp.)HJ01,研究了其生长特征和动力学模型模拟、降解酶的性质以及对酸性蓝B的脱色效果.结果表明:菌株生长的适宜条件为:pH范围为6~7,蔗糖为碳源,NH4Cl为氮源.菌体生长符合改进的logistic law模型.SDS-PAGE分析HJ01菌株所产漆酶的相对分子量约为66×103,在低氮条件下漆酶活性高达431~812U·mg~(-1)·s~(-1).菌体培养96h后加入到含100mg·L~(-1)酸性蓝B的培养基中,再培养96h,酸性蓝B的脱色率达100%.紫外光谱分析表明,酸性蓝B的发色基团蒽醌环被漆酶破坏.     

磁性Fen+@GO非均相Fenton催化氧化亚甲基蓝

采用化学共沉淀法制备了磁性Feⁿ⁺@GO（MFGO）纳米复合材料,并将其用于非均相Fenton催化氧化亚甲基蓝（MB）.扫描电镜、透射电镜和光电子能谱分析表明,催化活性粒子（Feⁿ⁺/铁氧化物）成功负载在GO表面.实验研究了pH值、H₂O₂初始浓度、催化剂投加量等因素对MB降解效果的影响.结果表明,H₂O₂、MFGO和H₂O₂+MFGO体系在反应120min后,MB降解率分别达到7.83%、25.58%和99.19%;在优化条件为H₂O₂浓度0.79mol/L、MFGO用量0.75g/L、pH值8时,MB降解率可达99.90%;在pH值为3~11范围内,MB降解率均在99%以上;MFGO经过6次重复使用后对MB的降解率仍可达到95.08%,是一种pH值响应宽、可磁分离回收的新型非均相催化剂.     

Influence of sodium dodecyl sulfate coating on adsorption of methylene blue by biochar from aqueous solution

Biochar is regarded as a promising new class of materials due to its multifunctional character and the possibility of effectively coupling different properties. With increasing introduction into the environment, environmental chemicals such as surfactants will load onto the released biochar and change its physicochemical characteristics and adsorption behavior toward pollutants. In this study, sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS), as one type of anionic surfactant, was coated onto biochar with different loading amounts. The influence of SDS loading onto biochar's physicochemical properties were investigated by Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, zeta potential and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET) surface area and pore size distribution analysis. Results showed that the pore size of the biochar decreased gradually with the increase of SDS loading because of the surface-adsorption and pore-blocking processes; the p H of the point of zero charge(pHPZC) decreased with increasing SDS loading. Although surface-coating with SDS decreased the pore size of the biochar, its adsorption capacity toward Methylene Blue(MB) significantly increased. The biochar-bound SDS introduced functional groups and negative charges to the biochar surface, which could thus enhance the adsorption of MB via hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction. The results can shed light on the underlying mechanism of the influence of anionic surfactants on the adsorption of MB by biochar.     

钐掺杂磷酸铋的制备及其光催化研究

采用一步水热合成法制备不同掺杂量的Sm~(3+)-BiPO_4光催化剂。用XRD,EDS,SEM和DRS手段对光催化剂的特性进行表征。以亚甲基蓝为目标污染物,考察了Sm~(3+)-BiPO_4的光催化活性。结果表明,适量的钐掺杂使BiPO_4光催化活性提高了30%。当钐掺杂量为5%时,紫外光照射90 min,亚甲基蓝的降解率可达86.1%。     

BiPO_4-BiVO_4复合光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能

采用水热法制备了BiPO_4-BiVO_4复合光催化剂,运用XRD,SEM,UV-Vis DRS技术对其进行了表征,并以亚甲基蓝为目标降解物考察了复合光催化剂在模拟太阳光下的光催化性能。实验结果表明:当BiPO_4与BiVO_4的摩尔比(磷钒比)为2∶8时BiPO_4-BiVO_4的光催化性能最优,光照180 min时对亚甲基蓝(初始质量浓度5mg/L)的降解率达96.20%,反应速率常数为0.018 1 min-1,明显优于单纯BiPO_4和BiVO_4。表征结果显示:单斜相的BiPO_4与BiVO_4晶粒实现了复合生长,BiPO_4-BiVO_4(磷钒比2∶8)的晶粒粒径比单纯BiPO_4和BiVO_4小;复合光催化剂在紫外光和可见光区均具有较好的光响应,且其禁带宽度较BiPO_4明显减小。     

秸秆生物质炭的制备及吸附性能研究

将麦秆、向日葵秆和玉米秆低温热解制备生物质炭。采用傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射等仪器对其结构进行了表征。研究了热解温度、溶液p H值、初始浓度、吸附时间以及吸附剂用量等因素对各生物质炭吸附亚甲基蓝效果的影响。实验结果表明,3种生物质炭均含有多孔的微晶炭,表面存在大量的活性-OH,-COOH等基团,对亚甲基蓝有较强的吸附作用;在最佳吸附条件下,玉米秆炭、向日葵秆炭以及麦秆炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附容量分别为26.6,26.2,14.7 mg/g。     

Degradation of Carbofuran in Water by Solar Photocatalysis in Presence of Photosensitizers

The effect of the presence of photosensitizers, methylene blue (MB) and rose Bengal (RB), on the degradation of carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate) in water in a solar photocatalytic system was investigated. It was found that as compared to MB, RB generally showed a stronger effect on the decomposition of carbofuran under comparable conditions. Among the conditions studied, adding 2 × 10^?6 M of RB, that corresponding to 2% of the initial concentration of carbofuran solution in the system, rendered the most effective degradation of carbofuran. As a result, a carbofuran removal percentage of 69.9%, a mineralization efficiency of 28.0%, and a microtoxicity reduction of 65.0% could be achieved. The degradation and mineralization of carbofuran was found to follow the pseudo-first order reaction kinetics. The decomposition mechanism of carbofuran was further investigated through identification of the intermediates to elaborate the influence of dye photosensitizer on the solar photocatalysis of carbofuran in water. On the basis of the intermediates identified, including carbofuran phenol, 3-hydroxy carbofuran phenol, and substituted alcohols (3-phenoxy 1-propanol, 2-ethyl 1-hexanol, 2-butoxyl ethanol), it appears that hydrolysis and hydroxylation were the two key mechanisms for decomposing carbofuran during the process of solar photocatalysis with the aid of dye photosensitizer.     

碳纳米管负载纳米四氧化三铁多相类芬顿降解亚甲基蓝

在课题组前期研究的基础上,以碳纳米管(MWCNTs)为载体制备了Fe3O4/MWCNTs复合物并作为催化剂,以染料亚甲基蓝(MB)为降解对象,研究了该催化剂催化H2O2对亚甲基蓝溶液的降解特性及其影响因素,并考察了催化剂的重复使用效果,探讨了催化反应的机理.结果表明,在pH值3~8的范围内,催化反应体系都能有效降解MB,最佳pH值为3.5.随着催化剂投量的增加,MB的降解率明显提高,500 mg·L-1催化剂投量条件下,MB的降解率最高.随着H2O2初始浓度的增加,MB的降解率增加,10 mmol·L-1时MB的降解率最高.溶液中共存的阴离子会降低MB的降解率.在最佳条件,即温度25℃、H2O2浓度10 mmol·L-1、催化剂浓度500 mg·L-1的条件下,0.20 mmol·L-1MB在30 min内的降解率达到99.1%.催化剂重复使用后仍然具有较好的催化活性,说明Fe3O4在MWCNTs表面负载比较牢固,催化剂具有反复使用的能力.催化反应机理是催化剂催化H2O2产生羟基自由基,高活性的羟基自由基氧化MB.     

“绿水”的多角度评估及其管理研究

传统的水资源评估和管理忽视了在粮食生产和维护生态系统等方面都具有重要作用的"绿水".本文引入绿水概念,并针对现有绿水评估研究中缺乏小尺度评估方法研究等问题,以碧流河上游地区为例,使用SWAT水文模型在小尺度建立了多角度评估绿水(包括绿水流和绿水贮存)的方法.并使用此方法估算得到了绿水量,绿水时空分布规律以及气候变化条件下绿水的响应规律,研究了引入绿水概念后传统水资源管理的重要革新内容.研究结果表明,使用SWAT水文模型评估流域绿水,是引入绿水概念后进行小尺度绿水评估的有效办法,值得在中国推广使用.绿水评估结果对水资源管理有重要的指导作用.绿水概念的引入为水资源的管理与决策提供了新的思路和更加科学的办法.     

Metal Concentrations, Foraging Distances, and Fledging Success of Great Blue Herons Nesting along the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River

An ecological risk assessment of the spatial distribution of metal concentrations along the Hanford Reach of the free-flowing Columbia River in southcentral Washington, identified great blue herons, Ardea herodias, at potential risk through the ingestion of contaminated riverine biota, especially fish. We measured metal concentrations in livers of pre-flight herons from the Hanford Reach and excrement samples taken from the same nests. Nests were distributed among three colonies situated upstream and downstream from nine retired plutonium production reactors along the river where metals in reactor coolant waters had been released directly into the river or disposed to shoreline retention basins and ditches. Distances traveled by parent herons to foraging areas along the river shore were determined by visually tracking parent birds as they flew from nests to upriver and downriver foraging sites. Foraging flight distances varied between colonies with mean distances ranging between 0.7 and 3.1 km. Cadmium, Cr, and Pb concentrations were higher in excrement than in the livers of pre-flight herons but the opposite was noted for Cu, Hg, and Zn. Highest metal concentrations of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, were measured in excrement taken from heron nests at the colony located upstream from all reactors. These results were consistent with metal concentrations reported in river sediment from the same regions, indicating excrement from the heron nests may be a useful indicator of dietary uptake of metals by herons. Fledging success and eggshell thickness measurements were used as an index of health of the local heron population. The results indicate that the reproductive health of great blue herons nesting along the Hanford Reach is among the highest reported in the continental United States.