太原市大气扩散示踪试验

太原市位于山西中部,东、西两山夹峙,汾河南北中贯,地形北部较高,南部开放,西部有一缺口,是一个封闭不完全的盆地。风速较小,1971—1980年平均风速为2.5m/s,静风频率为24％。在无系统天气过境时,近地层气象十分复杂,城南和城北、河东和河西的地面风往往不同。 近年来,太原市大气污染日趋严重,我们于1985年10—11月在太原地区进行了大气扩散示踪试验,以期能对该地区大气污染物的输送和扩散有所了解。     

海南三亚近岸海域水化学要素的分布特征和变化规律

本文调查研究了海南三亚近岸海域水化学要素的浓度和分布，结果表明：（１）表层ＤＯ、ＮＯ－２、ＮＯ－３、ＮＨ＋４、ＰＯ３－４和ＣＯＤ的平均浓度分别为４１１．９、０．０５、０．４７、１．７９、０．１６μｍｏｌ／ｄｍ３和１．３１ｍｇ／Ｌ。（２）河流输入对沿岸海域水化学要素的影响主要集中于ＮＨ＋４和ＣＯＤ，对ＰＯ３－４和ＮＯ－３的浓度影响不明显，海域总体为一贫营养盐区域。采用主成分分析表明控制水化学要素的主要因子是河流的输入和由此导致了的生物旺发。     

A straightforward synthesis in aqueous medium of enantiomerically enriched S(-)2,2′-dihydroxy-1,1′-binaphthyl

Chiral, atropisomeric 2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphthyl has been extensively used to direct asymmetric processes. Its key role in asymmetric catalysis has spurred efforts to synthesize it in the optically pure form, but the reported synthetic routes have a significant environmental impact. In an aqueous peroxydase-cyclodextrin system the oxidative coupling of 2-naphthol took place very rapidly in almost quantitative yield and resulted in an enantiomeric excess. This one-pot synthesis do not require any organic solvents and oxidising metal cations.     

中国污水治理的一个新思考

本文通过对中国地形及气候特征的讨论 ,提出沙漠治水 ,水治沙漠的观点 ,为中国及其他国家的污水治理 ,提供一种新的思路和建议     

酸雨对污染环境中重金属化学行为的影响

综述了酸雨对污染环境中重金属化学行为的影响。在酸雨作用下 ,不同环境介质中重金属活性明显增强 ,化学形态转化明显 ,迁移能力和生态危害能力亦明显加强。探讨了控制酸雨发生、重金属污染环境修复技术以及开展复合污染环境化学风险评价的必要性     

有机物的结构──活性定量关系及其在环境化学和环境毒理学中的应用

有机物的结构──活性定量关系及其在环境化学和环境毒理学中的应用王飞越（北京大学城市与环境学系，北京１００８７１）陈雁飞（武汉大学环境科学系）最近几十年来，有机物结构──活性定量关系研究（ＱＳＡＲ，ＱｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ－Ａｃｔｉｖ...     

Principles and perspectives

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: With respect to the enormous increase of chemical production in the last decades and the tens of thousands of individual chemicals on the market, the permanent improvement of chemical management is a permanent target to achieve the goals of sustainable consumption and production set by the WSSD in Johannesburg 2002. MAIN FEATURES: Several approaches exist to describe sustainability of chemistry. However, commonly agreed criteria are still missing. There is no doubt that products of modern chemistry help to achieve important goals of sustainability and that significant improvements have occurred regarding direct releases from production sites, but several facts demonstrate that chemistry is far from being sustainable. Still too many chemicals exhibit hazardous characteristics and pose a risk to health and environment. Too many resources are needed to produce chemicals and finished products. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Therefore, a strategy for sustainability of chemistry should be developed which comprises the following main elements: 1. Sustainable chemicals: sustainable chemical management includes a regulatory framework which makes no difference between new and existing chemicals, contains efficient information flow through the supply chain which allows users to handle chemicals safely and offers an authorisation procedure and/or an efficient restriction procedure for substances of high concern. This regulatory scheme should promote the development of inherently safe chemicals. 2. Sustainable chemical production: Sustainable chemical production needs the development and implementation of emerging alternative techniques like selective catalysis, biotechnology in order to release less CO2 and less toxic by-products, to save energy and to achieve higher yields. Information exchange on best available techniques (BAT) and best environmental practices (BEP) may help to promote changes towards more sustainability. 3. Sustainable products: An integrated product policy which provides a framework for sustainable products promotes the development of products with a long-term use phase, low resource demand in production and use, low emission of hazardous substances and properties suitable for reuse and recycling. This may be promoted by eco-labelling, chemical leasing concepts and extended information measures to enhance the demand of consumers and various actors in the supply chain for sustainable products. RECOMMENDATION AND PERSPECTIVE: Important tools for the promotion of sustainable chemistry are the abolition of barriers for innovation in legislation and within the chemical industry, more transparency for all users of chemical products, a new focus on sustainability in education and research, and a new way of thinking in terms of sustainability.     

餐饮源有机颗粒物排放特征

餐饮油烟是大气有机颗粒物的重要来源之一.本研究在深圳市内选择了西餐、茶餐厅、职工食堂和韩式料理这4种类型的餐馆,通过对这4类餐厅的外场采样,分析各类型餐厅油烟中有机颗粒物的化学组成,筛选了餐饮油烟污染源的有机特征组分.结果表明,各餐馆排放的PM_(2.5)中,有机物占60%以上.在所有定量的有机组分之中,脂肪酸含量最高,其次是二元羧酸和正构烷烃,而多环芳烃、甾醇和单糖等有机组分的含量较低.颗粒物的有机组成特征受到菜系的影响,西餐厅和韩式料理排放脂肪酸、正构烷烃和多环芳烃等有机物含量较高,但却排放了低含量的甾醇和单糖,茶餐厅和职工食堂则相反.餐饮源颗粒物中Fla/(Fla+Pyr)和LG/(Gal+Man)的比值受菜系影响较小,也区别于其他污染源的特征比值,可以作为餐饮源潜在的示踪物.餐饮源为深圳市大气颗粒物贡献了大量的脂肪酸和二元羧酸.     

桐油水解制备咪唑啉缓蚀剂及其量子化学研究

目的 开发原料价廉易得、能实际应用的缓蚀剂。方法 以桐油为原料,水解后得到桐油酸,然后与二乙烯三胺经过酰胺化和环化反应,生成桐油咪唑啉缓蚀剂。在模拟现场环境的条件下对所合成的桐油咪唑啉缓蚀剂进行电化学测试和高温高压性能评价。利用量子化学计算对桐油咪唑啉缓蚀剂的分子动力学进行模拟,探讨其在Fe表面的吸附作用。结果 红外光谱显示,桐油水解后可生成桐油酸,最终合成物为桐油咪唑啉。电化学测试表明,随着桐油咪唑啉缓蚀剂添加量的增大,20#测试钢片的自腐蚀电位逐渐提高,腐蚀电流降低。高温高压模拟实验显示,加入油酸咪唑啉后,腐蚀速率明显降低,由0.3181 mm/a降到了0.0392 mm/a。量子化学计算表明,桐油咪唑啉分子中的咪唑啉环会平行吸附于铁表面,形成一层缓蚀剂膜。结论 价廉易得的桐油经水解后可得桐油酸,再与二乙烯三胺经过酰胺化和环化反应最终合成了桐油咪唑啉缓蚀剂。该缓蚀剂添加量越大,对20#钢片的缓蚀效果越好,呈现出了较好的缓蚀效果,其分子结构中的咪唑环能平行吸附于铁表面,属于抑制阳极型缓蚀剂。     

北京冬春和夏初季节大气O3浓度的垂直分布特征

为探究北京地区不同季节大气O₃浓度垂直分布特征,于2010年12月1日—2011年3月31日（冬春季）和2011年5月7日—6月9日（夏初）,在北京北部地区的中国环境科学研究院内,利用第三代移动式大气环境激光雷达系统,对$\varphi $（SO₂）、$\varphi $（NO₂）以及$\varphi $（O₃）和气溶胶后向散射系数垂直方向和垂直剖面进行试验观测,并结合天气要素的变化进行了分析研究.结果表明:①$\varphi $（O₃）存在明显的季节变化,表现为夏季>春季>冬季,同时晴天、微风、逆温条件等气象背景是O₃污染过程出现的主要气象因素,在微风和南风的情况下,会出现高$\varphi $（O₃）带,在北风影响情况下,$\varphi $（O₃）相对较低,雨水冲洗的作用对$\varphi $（O₃）分布也有明显的影响;②$\varphi $（O₃）的日变化曲线呈单峰单谷型,$\varphi $（O₃）峰值一般出现在14:00—18:00之间,谷值则出现在22:00—翌日09:00之间;③$\varphi $（O₃）垂直分布呈现单峰、双峰、多峰型分布等多种垂直分布特征,10 km以上高空这3种分布特征均有出现,但是在5 km以下的近地面$\varphi $（O₃）垂直和斜程分布基本呈现多峰型,斜程方向上$\varphi $（O₃）的高低与下垫面及其所排放的O₃前体物有密切的关系;④$\varphi $（O₃）垂直分布呈现一定的不均匀性,其数值范围浮动比较小,最大值之间相差30×10-9.研究显示,$\varphi $（O₃）垂直规律主要表现出两种分布特征,一种是在3~5 km处有高浓度的堆积区,另一种则没有明显高值堆积区.